初中英语并列句.pdf

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1、初中英语初中英语 并列句并列句并列句(一)何谓并列结构一个英语句子有时候具有两个或两个以上相互连接而又属于同一层次即具有相同句法功能的语言结构，这种结构称为并列结构。并列结构通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上平行的词、词组或分词:Are we to have the speech contest today or tomorrow?(并列连词 or 连接两个平行的单词)You can go to Beijing either by train or by plane.(并列连词 eitheror 连接两个平行的词组)Hurry up,or we shall be late for thelec

2、ture.(or 连接两句分句)并列成分有时候不用逗号而用连词加以连接;一般讲，逗号用来连接平行的单词居多:Fuel,rice,oil,saltthese are chief daily necessities oflife.(柴米油盐这些是主要的生活日用品。)在现代英语里，逗号常被用来连接两个短的独立分句，如 He is absent,heis ill.实际上，这两个简短的独立分句含有因果关系，这个逗号等于从属连词because，用逗号来取代使引文更为简炼。(二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别引导并列结构的并列连词有 and,or,but,so,for,nor 等，并列连词包括关联连词 both

3、and,eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also,as well as,as much as 等。并列连词也包括连接性副词，如 however,hence,therefore,besides,moreover,yet,anyway,consequently,still,nevertheless,all the same 等。但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别:1.位置上的区别连接两个独立的分句时，并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首，前面通常有逗号:Lopez left For Woodside(美新译西州一城市)the day beforeyester

4、day,and he wont be back tillthe end of the month.I must work harder,for I still have a long way to go.Pay him back,or he will bring a suit against you.(快还他钱，不然他要向你起诉。)They all went,but I didnt(go).连接性副词的位置较灵活，既可放在句首，也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多:Father is ill;therefore，he doesnt go to work today.置于句首Father is

5、ill;he,therefore，doesnt go to work today.置于句首Father is ill;he doesnt go work today,therefore.置于句末2.用法的区别两个并列连词不可以连用:Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening,and but we playbridge there.(根据句意，应把 but 划掉。)但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用:He is not in favor of the plan,and yet he raised no objection.(三)一些常见并列连

6、词的用法1.and(1)表示动作或事物的先后I heard a crash and went out to see what had happened.The pictures and the sound are relayed by the communicationsatellites.And they are received inall parts of the world.注意，and 也可置于独立分开的分句句首。(2)表示意义上的增补The relations between the two countries are improving:a tradeagreement has

7、been signedand a cultural exchange(has been)arranged.and 连接的分句 a cultural exchange(has been)arranged 在意义上增补前面的分句 a trade agreement has been signed。(3)表示意义上的转折或让步He tried hard,and(=and yet)he failed to get the job.掌握 and 的这一用法，便能正确理解下面一句在西方极为流行的谚语:Youcant eat your cake and have it.显然，这里的 and=and yet,

8、表示意义上的转折，指你可不能又要把蛋糕吃下肚同时又要把它保持下来，即“不能两全其美”之意。(4)表示对照Jack is clever and(=but)Jane is dull.(5)表示对第一分句的评注2006-10-28 10:30 回复英语村18 位粉丝2 楼John failed to pass the entrance examination,and thats too bad.(6)and 连接两个或两个以上相同的名词可以表示数量众多的含意In Holland,everywhere you go,you find water and water.and 在口语体中还经常被用来连接两

9、个比较级的形容词或副词，表示“越来越”这一逐步增强的含义:The wind blew harder and harder.and 连接两个比较级副词，表示“风刮得越来越大”。Its getting warmer and warmer.and 连接两个比较级形容词，表示“天气越来越热”。在讲话中 and 也常用来连接两个或两个以上相同的动词，表示动作的不断重复或持续进行:We talked and talked till it was midnight.连续不断的动作有时也可由 and 连接两个或两个以上相同的名词或具有“继续”含义的相同小品词来表示:“Sail on and on and on

10、,”said Columbus to the sailors.That night,we talked for hours and hours till the day broke.for hours and hours 意义上=for a very long time.We walked for miles and miles till it was dark,and then we wenthome.for miles and miles 相等于 for a very long distance.(7)当 and 连接两个形容词，而前面的形容词是 nice,good,fine 或 rare

11、时，and 加上它前面的形容词实质上变成副词，对后面的形容词表示修饰的从属关系:The room is nice and cozy.nice and cozy=very cozyIts good and cool outside.good and cool=quite coolThe children are fine and joyful in the nursery.fine and joyful=finely joyful,即 very joyful。The girl is rare and beautiful.rare and beautiful=rarely beautiful,即

12、uncommonly beautiful(美得出奇)。and 的这种用法在口语中很普通。(8)and 连接祈使句和陈述句以表示条件，即祈使句+and=if:Press thebutton and the machine runs by itself.祈使句 陈述句(=If you press the button,the machine will run by itself.)Make another effort and you will succeed.祈使句 陈述句(=If you make another effort,you will succeed.)注意两点:a.在口语中，有时可

13、省去 and 以逗号代之:Take the offer,you will never regret it.b.祈使句中的动词有时也可省去:Another effort,and you will succeed.another 前的动词 make 省略。Onemore word and Ill knockyou flat(摆平你)。one 前面的动词 say 也被省略。(9)and 连接某些动词(包括某些词组)和另一动词以表示目的，结构为:动词(必须原形式)+and+动词(也是原形式)。一般有以下这些动词:go/come/run/mind/learn/send/try/stay/stop/wri

14、te/remember/takecare/be sure 在上列结构中 and=不定式符号 to,故表示目的。如:Try and get(=Try to get)the work done today.The meeting is very important.You must mind and arrive(=mind toarrive)punctually.Ill write and thank him(=write to thank him).You look ill.Youd better go and see(=go to see)a doctor.在现代口语里，go(或 come)

15、and see 中的 and 往往都被省略，如“Ill go ask her.”和“Ill gosee my brother.”2006-10-28 10:30 回复英语村18 位粉丝3 楼(10)and 的一些常见习惯用法a.and that+副词and that 用来代表前面分句中的整个谓语以避免重复。这是一种强势句法。试比较下列三组例句:Something must be done about it without delay.*Something must be done about it,and that without delay.and that 代表 must be done

16、about it,是强势式。He speaks Spanish very well.*He speaks Spanish,and that very well.and that 代表 speaks Spanish,是强势式He will come soon*He will come,and that soon.and that 代表 will come,是强势b.and all 用于俗语，作“等等”，“以及其他一切”解:To save the little boy from drowning,the man jumped into the river,clothes and all(衣服等一概

17、未脱)。The fire burnt the books,clothes,furniture and all.(那场火把书籍“衣服”家俱以及其他所有东西统统烧光了。)c.and all that 用于口语，意思是“等等”;“诸如此类的东西”。(=andother things of that kind)You can get paper,ink,chalk and all that inthe little store at the street corner.(在街上拐角的那家小商店里可以买到纸张、墨水、粉笔之类的东西。)You have really been very kind to m

18、e,my hearty thanks and all that.(你对我确实是深情厚谊，我衷心地感谢你，不一一地讲了。)d.and so on;and so forth;and so on and so forth以上三式意义相同，都作“等等”;“如此等等”解:The marchers carried banners,balloons,models,charts,bouquets andso on.(游行的人们拿着旗帜、汽球、模型、图表、花束等等东西。)e.and the like 作“之类”;“等等”解:In the Kindergarten,the children learn singi

19、ng,dancing,drawing,and the like.f.and then some这一句习惯用语在美国口语里常用;意思是“此外还有许多”;“还有好多好多”:My uncle gave me two pencils,a pencil sharpener,a rubber,andthen some.(我的叔叔给了我两支铅笔，一只卷笔刀，一块橡皮，还有好多好多东西。)Im afraid the expensive new car would cost all your money and thensome.(恐怕把你们所有的钱都花掉买这部昂贵的新汽车还不够哩。)g.and the ris

20、e系美国口语常用语，作“还多些”;“不止于此”;“以上”解:There areeight hundred thousand volumes in our library and the rise.(我们图书馆有八十万册以上的书。)h.and what not 口语常用语，和 and so on(或 forth)同义，作“以及其他”;“等等”解:He sent me some books,magazines,newspapers,pictorials and what not.Children love to have toys,pictures and whatnot.i.enough and

21、 to spare 作“很多”;“绰绰有余”解，可用作定语短语和名词短语:You two could have come with us;there was food enough and tospare for three more people.(你们两位本来可以和我们一起来，饭菜再有三个人也够吃。)用作定语 We haveheard enough and to spare of his selfishness.(他的自私自利我们听得多了。)用作名词 2.bothandbothand是对 and 意义的强化，但在用法上和 and 有如下的区别:(1)and 可以连接两个以上的并列成分，而

22、bothand只能连接两个属同一层次，即语法结构相同的并列成分:Both Martha and her sister paid a visit to China not long ago.(连接两个并列的主语)I teach myself both physics and mathematics.(连接两个并列的宾语)Kenneth is both clever and diligent.(连接两个并列的用作表语的形容词)Judith is a versatile girl.She can both sing and dance.(连接两个并列的动词)2006-10-28 10:30 回复英语

23、村18 位粉丝4 楼(2)and 可连接分句，bothand则不能连接分句。both Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor.在上句中，bothand各连接一个分句，故不能成立，应改为:Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor.(and 连接分句)或:While Eric cleaned the windows,Ernest swept the floor.(and 连接分句)或:Eric(或 Ernest)both cleaned the windows and sw

24、ept the floor.(bothand各连接一个谓语)或:both Eric and Ernest cleaned the windowsand swept the floor.在这最后一句中，bothand各连接一个主语，故在语法上能成立;但注意，句意是“Eric 和 Ernest 俩人都揩了窗，又拖了地板”。bothand的用法中还要注意两个问题:a.bothand可以和 at onceand互换使用，意义上无区别:I am at once(=both)a teacher and a student.(我既当老师又当学生。)The writers satirical essays w

25、ere at once(=both)incisive and forceful,exposing the evils of societylike a surgeons scalpel.(作者的讽刺文章既锋利又泼辣，好像外科医生的手术刀揭露了社会的弊病。)注意，只有在 at onceand这一词组中，at once 才=both。b.在 bothand这一结构中，不能用 as well as 来代替 both,as well as不能成立。3.nor;neither nor 和 neither 都是表示“也不”这一否定意义的并列连词，它们用法相同 a.nor/neither 单独用来连接并列成

26、分时，前面部分通常都用否定式，nor/neither 后面部分则不能用否定式，因 nor/neither 已含有否定意义:Peter is a decent fellow.He wont do it,nor/neither Considers it.否定式 肯定式Anthony is not clever,nor/neitherdiligent.否定式 肯定式b.nor/neither 连接的后面并列成分是分句时，则其主谓须倒装:Peter is a decent fellow.He wont do it,nor/neither will heconsider it.Anthony is no

27、t clever,nor/neither is he diligent.Martha cant speak Spanish,nor/neither can her sister.Yance does not drug(吸毒)，nor/neither does his brother.Cannis has never been abroad,nor/neither have I.注意，由于 neither 和 nor 都带有副词性质，故它们前面可以加上 and 或 but:You cannot lift it,and nor/and neither can I.I didnt clean the

28、 room,but nor/but neither did you.c.nor 通常后面连接一个并列成分，但有时也可连好几个并列成分:Futterdoes not ride,nor shoot,nor fish,nor swim.2006-10-28 10:30 回复英语村18 位粉丝5 楼4.neithernorneithernor一起用时，作为关联性的并列连词，连接语法功能相同的平行结构:Neither you nor he konws it.(连接用作主语的代词)The old man can neither read nor write.(连接动词)I drink neither co

29、ffee nor tea.(连接宾语)The story is neither interesting nor instructive.(连接用作表语的形容词)Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor a definiteshape.(连接介词宾语)I believe neither what you said before nor whatyou are saying now.(连接宾语从句)注意:(1)Neither 置于句首时，neithernor所连接的分句均须主谓倒装:I dontlike that girl.Neit

30、her have I dated her for a dance(约她跳舞)nor willI do so.Neither does he play the cello nor does his brother.(2)Neithernor连接主语时，后面的动词在数上应与靠近的主语取得一致:Neither Ike nor I am going to attend the meeting.(动词与 I 靠近，故用am。)Neither Ike nor he is going to attend the meeting.(动词与 he 靠近，故用 is。)(3)neithernor作“既不也不”解，

31、故谓语动词必须用肯定式，不能用否定式:He is frightened by neither hardship nor danger.(谓语用肯定式，不能用否定式 not frightened。)Neither you nor your brothercan do it.(同上，谓语动词不能用 cannot do it。)(4)neithernor也可连接两个以上的并列成分:Neither you,nor I,nor anyone else knows the answer5.or(1)表示选择:Which do you prefer,this one or that one?You can

32、go with us or stay at home.They parted for one reason or another.(2)表示同位关系或一种改换的说法:Seaweeds,or algae,do not have roots like higher land plants.(海菜即海澡同较高地势的植物一样，是无根的。)The workers are satisfied now,or at least they do not make any morecomplaints.(工人们现在感到满意了，或者至少说他们已不再抱怨。)(3)表示不确定或含混的说法:The accident ha

33、ppened two or three weeks ago.I put the novel in the bookcase or somewhere.在表示“不确定”或“大约”这一概念时，or 有两个常用短语:a.or so(左右;前后)Well stay here for a month or so.Ill be back in a week or so.There will be sixty or so people at the New Year get-together(新年联欢会).(注意，也可说 sixty people or so。)(4)or something(表示不能十分肯

34、定)或是什么;或是做点什么)Dont idle away your time;do some reading or something.(别虚度光阴，还是读点书或是做点别的什么事儿。)Havent seen you for ages!Have you moved or something?(好久没见到你了，你是搬了地方还是什么的?)He is engaged in carpentry or something.(他是做木匠或别的什么的。)(5)表示否定的条件:Put on your overcoat,or(不然)you will catch cold.(=if you do notput on

35、 your overcoat)I must work doubly hard(加倍努力)，or Ill fail inthe entrance examination.(=if I do not workdoubly hard)这样用时，or 后面可以加上 else 来强化其意义:Do what I tell you,or else youll be sorry.(or else=if you do notdo what I tell you)(6)与 not 一起用时，表示全部否定:He is just like an illiterate(文盲)。He cannot read or wri

36、te.(他不识字，也写不来。)I cant sing or dance.(我唱歌、跳舞都不会。)注意，not 和 and 一起用时，则表示部分否定，而不是表示全部否定。试比较:The story is not interesting or instructive.(部分否定，句意是“这篇故事既不吸引人又无教育意义。”)He story is not interesting and instructive.(全部否定，意思是“这篇故事内容很有趣，但无教育意义。”)He does not speak English clearly or correctly.(全部否定，指英语讲得既不清楚又不正确。

37、)He does not speak English clearly and correctly.(部分否定，意思是英语讲得口齿很清楚，但不正确。)从上面例子中可以看出，notand一起用时，and 的前面部分肯定，后面部分否定，试再看下面一例:He is not rich and kind.(前面部分肯定 后面部分否定)这是书面语言，在日常用语中往往改用 He is rich,but he is not kind 这种形式来表达以避免在意义上引起误解。6.eitheror是关联连接词，表示比 or 更强的选择概念。它和 neithernor一样，连接语法功能相同的平行结构，后面动词的数和最靠

38、近的主语保持一致:Either you or he is wrong.(靠近的主语是 he，故动词用 is。)Either he or I am wrong.(靠近的主语是 I,动词用 am。)You can Either do it yourself or ask someone else to do it.(连接两个并列谓语)There are only two possibilities:Either you succeed or youfail.(连接两个并列分句)(1)上面列举的前二句例句系极正式的英语，颇不自然，在日常应用中往往避免这种结构而改为:Either you are wr

39、ong,or he is.Either he is wrong,or I am.(2)either 后面有时可以接一个以上的 or:He Either resigned,or opened up an office of his own,or wentabroad.(3)either 后面接 or，不能接 nor 或 and,但 noteither后面则要用 nor，不能用 or，因 noteither=neither。2006-10-28 10:32 回复英语村18 位粉丝6 楼7.not onlybut also应用这一关联连词时，要注意以下几点:(1)后面须接平行结构:Hangzhou

40、is famous not only for its beautiful scenery but also forits longjing tea.(连接两个介词短语)He is not only an architect but also a painter.(连接两个表语)She speaks not only English but also French.(连接两个宾语)Father not only said it but also did it.(连接两个谓语动词)Not only they but also we are invited.(连接两个作主语的代词)Students

41、should develop not only intellectually,but also morally andphysically.(连接副词)(2)not onlybut also着重于 but also 后面的部分，故句中谓语动词的数应与 but also 后面的主语取得一致。试比较:Not only you but also he is invited.Not only he but also I am invited.(3)not onlybut also在实际应用中出现以下几个变体:a.notonlybut(省略 also):He not only has read the

42、novel but remembers what he has read.b.not onlyalso(省略 but):Man has in fact not only domesticated wild animals,alsodomesticated wild plants,especiallythose which bear edible fruit.(also 前省掉了 but)c.not only(在现代英语中，有时 but also 都省略，代之以逗号“，”:She was not only compelled to stay at home,(but)she was(also)f

43、orbiddento see her friends.D.not onlybutas well(but also 为 butas well 所代替:He is not only my teacher but my friend as well.e.not onlybutalso(not only 不能分开，but also 可以拆开):She wasnot only compelled to stay home,but she was also forbidden to see herfriends.(注意，stay home 是美国英语=英国英语 stay at home。)f.not on

44、ly 置于句首时，主谓须倒装，但 but also 后面如连接从句的话，其主谓则不能倒装:not only was the girl complain to stay home,but she wasnot allowed to see all her friends.not only did he complain about thefood,but he also refused to pay for it.8.but并列连词 but 能表示:(1)意义的转折He is poor but honest.(连接两个形容词)All men must die,but death can vary

45、 in its significance.(连接两个分句)He said that he was free today but that he would be busy tomorrow.(连接两个宾语从句。注意:but 后面有从属连词 that,but 连接分句，that 引导宾语从句。)从上面的例子看，but 连接的并列成分，其意义应该是相反的。如果句意顺势发展下去，不带有相反的含义，就不能用 but，而应该用 and:It is more than ten years since I left Ypsilanti,but I havent goneback there once in

46、that time.(句意是“我离开 Ypsilanti美密执安州一城市，Eastern Michigan University 所在地以来已经十多年了，但是这些年来我一次也没有回去过。”)两个分句的意思基本一样，第二分句是第一分句意思上的延伸，故不应用but，应把 but 改为 and。(2)表示对比或对照的意义。She doesnt know a word of Japanese,but she speaks Englishperfectly.表示这一意义时，but 还用于下列句型中:a.notbut，后面须接语法功能相同的平行结构:The book is not mine,but her

47、s.(连接两个物主代词)I major not in law,but in American history.(连接两个介词短语)not what you expect to receive but what you are ready to give countsin love.(连接两个主语从句，句中的谓语动词是 counts。句意是“在谈情说爱中，重要的并不是你指望得到什么而是你准备给予什么。”)请再比较下列两句:2006-10-28 10:33 回复英语村18 位粉丝7 楼A good policy is not a dogma,but a guide to action.(连接两个用

48、作表语的名词，平行结构，句意是“一项好的政策不是教条而是行动的指南。”)A good policy is not a dogma,but it is a guide to action.(这句错，因 notbut后面的结构不平行，但在日常口语中可以接受。)注意，notbut可以转换成主语+肯定式或谓语+but not。如:The bookis not mine,but hers.可转换成:The book is hers,but not mine.I major not in law,but in American history.可转换成:I major in American histor

49、y,but not in lawb.neverbut作“不则已，一就”解。在这一句型中，never 后面接谓语动词，but 后面接分句=never+谓语动词+without+动名词:I never see him but I think of my younger brother.(=I never see himwithout thinking of myyounger brother.)(上面两例句意思相同，即“我一看他就想起我的弟弟”)neverbut是一个意义非常正式的书面体，具有极为强调的效果，故也用于谚语:It never rains but it pours.(谚不雨则已，一雨倾

50、盆，含意是“坏事情不发生则已，一发生则接踵而来。”)如 John got sick,and then his brothers and sisters all got sick.Itnever rains but it pours.在日常应用中，neverbut往往改用 whenalwaysI never see him but Ithink of my younger brother.改成:when I see him,I always think of my younger brother.我们也可反过来改:when he speaks,she always contradicts(批驳)