上海名校高中自主招生英语阅读理解(培优)第5讲：阅读六选四或七选五(含答案).pdf

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1、 考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接 一、关键词汇线索 1.词汇复现：复现是指在文章不同位置对同一个概念进行重复描述。包括原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现、派生词复现等。例 1：同词复现 The scientists say that the human life has changed greatly.Our bodies have not been able to deal with these changes in lifestyle and this had led to new kinds of sicknesses.So they are called“diseases of

2、 civilization”.Many cancers and diseases of the blood system are examples of such diseases.A.Stone Age people lived a simple life.B.But today,we enjoy eating a lot of these.C.In that case,they would live much healthier.D.Ancient people have not lots of physical exercise.E.These new sicknesses were n

3、ot known in ancient times.F.People today probably dont want to live like our ancestors.例 2：反义词复现 On the other hand,the advantages of going overseas may include day-to-day opportunities to learn a new culture,meet new friends with whom you can use and practice the language,and chances to see 第 05 讲：名

4、校高中自主招生阅读六选四/七选五 different parts of the world._Those disadvantages include expense,time away from ones school,family,A.The following are its advantages.B.However,there may be a number of disadvantages.C.Consider a distance education.D.Most of us are adapted to studying at school.例 3：派生词复现 Dont fear

5、people._.The reason why most people dont take risks is the fear of what others might think of them.If you want to live the life you truly deserve,you must give up the need to be liked by everybody.A.Focus on your own talents and strengths.B.Never let others opinions guide your choices.C.Stay fearles

6、s in everything you will have to do.2.同范畴词 同范畴词是指跟此词汇相关或同一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系最紧密。例 1：Everybody gets stressed time to time.Try taking these four steps the next time you are stressed:First:Get support.When you need help,reach out to the people wh

7、o care about you.Talk to a“trusted adult”,such as parent or other relatives.They might have had similar problems,such as dealing with a test,or the death of a beloved pet.A.Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.B.Notice your friends feelings and find a way to help them.C.Diff

8、erent people feel stress in different ways D.Ah,it feels so good when the stress is gone.E.You need to figure out what the problem is.F.And dont forget about your friends.3.代词提示：代词出现频率极高，用来指代前面出现的名词和形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词和单复数差异可以准确而快速解题。常用代词：you.，your.,mine,yours,his，hers，its，ours，theirs，myself，this

9、，that，these，those，all，both，each，every,anybody，something，no one,none,some,any，no，who，whom，whose，what,which,that,as。例 1：_73_.They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger,A.Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger.B.He said that

10、laughter is much healthier than anger.C.Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time.例 2：It doesnt matter which productivity bird represents your work style.(70)_ It depends on your environment and energy levels.Do you have the drive to get up early or stay up late?While others are d

11、reaming,make your dreams real.B.Many believe being night owls is better.E.They both can work.例 3：You have the same amount of time each day as everyone else.If you want to reach your goals and dreams you have to be willing to pay the price.(67)_Sometimes it is your time.Sometimes it is money.And some

12、times it is sleep.One of the best times to get ahead and be”in the zone”is when everyone else is sleeping.Get up early.Or stay up late.Those are your choices.C.Not watching mindless TV or endlessly surfing the Net.D.That sacrifice often involves giving up something.4.利用句子中心实词解题 句子中心实词是指在一个句子表达中需要占据句

13、子主干或者中心意思的一类实词。和代词一样，当一个句子中出现了表达某一特点概念的中心实词时，该句上下文就应该围绕这样的中心来展开，也就是说正确选项中不能呈现上下文没有交代的一个中心实词，因此我们可以利用这一现象来帮助我们找到正常选项或者排除错误选项。例 1：(68)_ Ask yourself what problem the audience wants to solve,and talk about that problem first.“Then and only then,talk about what you are good at as the solution to that pr

14、oblem,”says Morgan.“Audiences start off by asking why.Why am I here?Why should I care?If you answer those questions early,then theyll ask how.Your job is to answer the why question first and then address the how.”A.Be relevant to your audience C.Focus on one theme,and eliminate everything else.例 3：F

15、or those with green fingers,the pleasure of gardening comes from getting out in the fresh air,in all weathers and communing with nature-even if there are a few too many worms!It can also be seen as a sort of digital-detox-time（数字排毒时间）away from technology._68_ F.Some experts actually believe that get

16、ting outside to dig and plant things acts as a natural excitement D.Its no wonder some of us turn to gardening as a form of therapy 二、注意逻辑关系：找准文章衔接词，理清空格与上下文之间的逻辑关系。主要逻辑关系包括：1.并列关系：first(ly),second(ly)，；first，then/next，；in the first place,in the second place,；for one thing,for another thing,等；2.递进关系

17、：too,also,besides,further,furthermore,moreover,whats more,in addition,notbut,not onlybut also 等；3.解释例证关系：for example，for instance，in fact/as a matter of fact,actually,in other words/thats to say等；4.因果关系：because,because of,for,as,since,in that,on account of,with,so,so that,therefore,thereby,as a resu

18、lt,hence,thus,consequently,accordingly 等；5.对比转折关系：however,yet,while/though,or/otherwise,instead,nevertheless,still,yet,on the contrary 等 6.概括归纳关系：in short,in brief,in summary,generally speaking,in general,to conclude,in conclusion,in a word,to sum up 等。例 1：As you take notes,you may want to use your

19、own shorthand.You do be sure that you understand;you do be sure that you understand your symbols.Otherwise,_ AUse words,not complete sentences.BThere are three practical note-taking methods.CYou must write your notes on separate paper.D.you may not be able to read your notes later.E.you will also wa

20、nt to develop your own method for taking notes.F.That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.三、利用细节句与主题句的区别解题 这一技巧需要与空所在位置结合起来分析。主题句通常在段首，总结句通常在段尾，相当于再次点题。这两个位置多是需要概括性强的语句主题句。而在段中通常是补充说明内容和议论过程，通常是需要含有内容的语句细节句。先判断空的位置，然后在选项中筛选细节句与主题句。例 1：Self Expression _5_Ther

21、e are many ways to express thoughts and ideasmusic,acting,drawing building,photography.You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.例 2：Self

22、-esteem is the measurement or the value of how a person knows his worth and its effects are life-changing and dramatic,since it makes up a persons attitude and outlook towards life._67_ But when self-esteem is low,you can either sulk and be sad or be afraid to try out new things or take risks and ch

23、ances with your love-life,career,relationships and self-improvement.A.Simply put,self-esteem is the fuel that makes you feel important or loved by others.E.When your self-esteem is high,you are less likely to be affected by these situations.例 3：Until now,predicting exactly what makes a bestseller wa

24、s somewhat of a mystery,yet researchers from New York claim to have created an algorithm(算法)to do just that.By analyzing the words used in classic books,the algorithm was able to correctly predict which books were bestsellers,and which were less successful,in 84 percent of cases._67_ E.Overall,they

25、found that successful books contained a high number of nouns and adjectives and plenty of quotes.F.The most popular books also featured more verbs relating to“thought-processing”such as“recognized”and“remembered”.Your Next Nurse Could Be a Robot Dr.De Momi,of the Politecnico di Milano(Italy),led an

26、international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions._1_ Over time this should lead to improvements in safety during surgeries because unlike their human counterparts robots do not tire and can complete an endless series of precise movements.The goal is not to remove human skill

27、from the operating room,but to complement it with a robots particular skills and benefits.“As a roboticist,I am convinced that robotic(co)workers and collaborators will definitely change the work market,but they wont steal job opportunities._2_”De Momi explains.To conduct their experiment De Momis t

28、eam photographed a human being conducting numerous reaching motions,in a way similar to handing instruments to a surgeon.These camera captures were input into the neural network of the robotic arm,which is crucial to controlling movements.Next a human operator guided the robotic arm in imitating the

29、 reaching motions that the human subject had initially performed.Although there was not a perfect overlap between the robotic and human actions,they were broadly similar._3_ These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arms were“biologically inspired,”which would indicate that their

30、 neural networks had effectively learned to imitate human behavior.About 70%of the time this is exactly what the human observers concluded.These results are promising,although further research is necessary to confirm or refine De Momis conclusions.If robotic arms can indeed imitate human behavior,it

31、 would be necessary to build conditions in which humans and robots can cooperate effectively in high stress environments like operating rooms._4_ De Momis work is part of the growing field of healthcare robotics,which has the potential to change the way we receive health care sooner rather than late

32、r.A.This future may not be as far away as we think.B.Robots cant successfully imitate doctors motions in the operating room.C.Finally,several humans observed as the robotic arm made numerous motions.D.The nursing assistant for your next trip to the hospital will still be a robot instead of human bei

33、ngs.E.They will just allow us to decrease workload and achieve better performances in several tasks.F.His work indicates that humans and robots can effectively cooperate during high-risk events such as surgeries.【答案】1.F 2.E 3.C 4.A【解析】这是一篇说明文，文中讲述意大利医生培训了机器人去模仿人类的动作，这将会提高在手术室里医生和机器人合作的效率。【1 题详解】上句“D

34、r.De Momi,of the Politecnico di Milano(Italy),led an international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions.”提到意大利 医生 De Momi 带领国际团队，培训机器人去模仿人类的动作，承接上文，F 选项“他的工作表明人类和机器人能有效地在像手术这样高风险的事情中合作”切题。该选项中 his work 与上句该医生的做法是一致的。故选 F。【2 题详解】上句“As a roboticist,I am convinced that robotic(co)

35、workers and collaborators will definitely change the work market,but they wont steal job opportunities.”提到作为机器人专家，我相信机器人工作人员将一定能改变工作市场，但是他们不会偷走工作机会，承接上文，E 项“他们只是允许我们降低工作负担，及在任务中表现的更好”切题，本句呼应上文中，“机器人并不能完全代替人类，只是帮助人类做的更好”。故选 E。【3 题详解】下句“These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arm

36、s were“biologically inspired”中提到这些观察者们讲决定是否这些机器人的动作是受生理上的刺激。承接下文，C 选项“最后，当机器人的胳膊做动作的时候，有几个人在观察”切题，本句中 observed 与下句中 observers 相呼应。故选 C。【4 本段开头句“These results are promising,”这些研究结果是有前途的”，呼应本主题句，A 选项“未来不会太远”切题，并且呼应本段最后一句提到的“sooner rather than later”。故选 A。1.Directions:Complete the following passage by

37、using the sentence given below.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.Perhaps this could only work in a country with a crime rate among the lowest in the world.B.For Ohashi,the machines once served as beacons.C.You can put them anywhere and they wo

38、nt be stolen or harmed.D.As such,vending machines offer certainty.E.Similarly,vending machines are everywhere.F.But most are only stocked with hot and cold drinks,some of which have funny English Vending machines are a mainstay of Japanese culture.There are over5.5 million in the country-one for eve

39、ry 23 people,the highest ratio in the world.Theyre ubiquitous and almost always outdoors,making them immediately stand out to anyone visiting Japan.They sell nearly everything-including some rather peculiar items.(1)At night,rather than switching off,the machines come to life with vibrant colors and

40、 bright lights.Photographer Eiji Ohashi has spent years photographing them across Japan in the dead of the night,and now he has brought the images together in a book titled Roadside Lights.(2)I started this project nine years ago,when I noticed a shiny vending machine near my home as I was coming ba

41、ck from my night shift,he said in an email interview.At the time,I was living in a town in the north of Japan that would get hit by terrible blizzards during the winter months.Id drive my car in(these)conditions and use the light of the vending machines to guide me.Japanese culture has an appreciati

42、on for process.Signs explaining how to queue,how to get a haircut or how to use the toilet are posted everywhere.(3)names,like“Pocari Sweat”or“Calpis Water.”Their mechanism only allows one possible course of action.Like smartphones,they provide a shield from personal interactions.They are also ingra

43、ined in tradition:In rural areas,at the side of the road,its still possible to find unmanned wooden stalls where farmers place fruit,vegetables and other goods which can be purchased by leaving the correct amount of cash.(4)Similarly,vending machines in Japan are rarely robbed or vandalized.In fact,

44、they are well taken care of,meaning that they always work-which further contributes to customer satisfaction.For Ohashi,this is one of the reasons behind their popularity.Identical everywhere,the vending machines may bring some sense of comfort to those who travel to different parts of the country,O

45、hashi suggests:I wanted to capture the standardized form of the vending machines.I thought you could see the differences between the regions through the scenery around them.Ohashis photographs convey a sense of loneliness by showing the machines in remote locations at night.I think in some ways Im c

46、omparing modern-day people to vending machines.In our daily lives,we are also like vending machines that can withstand blizzards but ultimately go unrewarded.【答案】FBDA【分析】1.根据“They sell nearly everything-including some rather peculiar items”选出答案 F。2.答案 B 是本段的主旨句，根据后面的内容推出。3.前文说“日本文化对过程有欣赏力。到处都贴着说明如何排

47、队、如何理发或如何使用厕所的标志。”所以选择 D“因此，自动售货机提供了确定性。”4.Similarly 表示其前面的句子和后面的句子意思表达的内容相似，所以根据 similarly 后面的句子推出选择 A。2.Directions:Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there is one sentence more than you need.Gun laws i

48、n America are already so weak,it must be tough to find ways to make them even looser.But you have to give gun lobbyists(游说者)credit.Theyve come up with some new ideas and found friends in Congress to promote them,even as the nation is in deep sadness due to the 58 people killed at a music festival in

49、 Las Vegas.At the top of the wish list:a push to make it easier to buy gun silencers.(1)_.At worst,they would put innocent people and police officers in graver danger.The changes are tucked(塞)into a measure called the Sportsmens Heritage and Recreational Enhancement(SHARE)Act.The seemingly harmless

50、title tries to hide its most controversial content.The proposal getting the most attention is a move to make it easier to buy silencers.(2)_.But when opponents argue that silencers will make it harder to hear gunshots,those same supporters insist it isnt so.Sorry,but they cant have it both ways.Sile