新概念英语第二册定语从句课件.pptx

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1、Clause:Adjective clauses1.Functions2.Classification 3.IntroducersA general introduction1.Functions An adjective clause is a sentence clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun as an adjective does.Both relative pronouns(who,whom,whose,that and which)and the subordinating conjunctions(where,when and wh

2、y)may be used as introducers to begin adjective clauses.a.introduction And introducers play roles in the adjective clauses and relative pronouns replace the noun that the adjective clauses modify.b.formsAnoun+anadjectiveclauseIntroducer+(subject)+predicate+Hepickedupalongpipe.Thepipewascoveredwithco

3、ins.Hepickedupalong pipewhichwascoveredwithcoins.(which=pipe,asasubjectoftheadjectiveclause.)For example:2.Classification a.Adjective clauses can be divided into two kinds:restrictive and nonrestrictive.b.Antecedent and Related wordscomponent2.1 A restrictive adjective clause Restrictive adjective c

4、lause gives essential information.Without the clause,the complete meaning of the sentence would not be expressed clearly.A restrictive adjective clause should not be set off by commas.For example:1)Who is the man that is reading a book over there?（作主语）（作主语）2）The girl(that)we saw yesterday is his sis

5、ter.（作（作宾语）宾语）1.who,whom and which can be replaced by that.This is very common in spoken English.2.that can be omitted()when it is the object of the clause.It is one of the ugliest faces(that)I have ever seen.3.whose is used for things as well as for people.The man whose bike was stolen called the l

6、ocal police.The car whose window has been broken is my neighbors.4.whom is very formal and is only used in written English.In spoken English,that is usually replaced by who/that,or nothing().5.that is usually used after the words like something,anything,everything,nothing,all and superlatives.There

7、is something that we will never forget.That was the most exciting news that I have ever heard.Attention:When an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to express the complete meaning of a sentence,it is called a nonrestrictive adjective clause.It can be omitted from a sentence without af

8、fecting the basic meaning of the sentence.It should be set off by commas.2.2 A nonrestrictive adjective clause For example:(1)who引导的非限制性定语从句 Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will

9、be no apples this year.(2)whom引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句 关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter,whom you mey in London,is now back in Paris.Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.(3)whose引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句 whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy

10、,whose father is an engineer,studies very hard.Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.(4)which引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语

11、、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.She is an artist，which I am not.Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.which指代

12、主句中的形容词。如：指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.which指代主句中的某个从句。如：指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.which指代整个主句。如：指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense,which was understandable.He may have a

13、cute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.(5)when引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st

14、,when he will be free.(6)where引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.(7)as引导的非限制性定语从句as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。但通常用于像as we allaknow,as it is know,as is know to all,as it is,as is said above,as always mentioned above,as is usual,as is

15、often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如，就像”之意。如：As it known to the United States,Mark Twain is a great American writer.（as在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work,as he often was.（as在从句中作表语）Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparabl

16、e part of China.(as在从句中作宾语)8)“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语引导的非限制性定语从句从句在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。动词的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which

17、 the yield would be halved.(9)“名词名词/代词代词+of+which/whom”引导的非限制性定引导的非限制性定语从句语从句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.Light is the fast thing in the world,the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.There are 30 chairs in the small hall,most of w

18、hich are new.The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women.3.Introducers3.1.In restrictive adjective clauses The following relative pronouns are used to introduce restrictive adjective clauses.Person Things Subject who/that which/that Object whom,who,that/which,

19、that/Possessive whose whose The following subordinating conjunctions are used in restrictive adjective clause.Place Time ReasonAdverbial where when why1.who,whom and which can be replaced by that.This is very common in spoken English.2.that can be omitted when it is the object of the clause.It is on

20、e of the ugliest faces(that)I have ever seen.3.whose is used for things as well as for people.The man whose bike was stolen called the local police.The car whose window has been broken is my neighbors.4.whom is very formal and is only used in written English.In spoken English,that is usually replace

21、d by who/that,or nothing().5.that is usually used after the words like something,anything,everything,nothing,all and superlatives.There is something that we will never forget.That was the most exciting news For example3.2 In nonrestrictive adjective clauses The following relative pronouns are used t

22、o introduce nonrestrictive adjective clauses.Person Things Subject who which Object whom,who,which Possessive whose whose The following subordinating conjunctions are used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses.Place Time ReasonAdverbial where when why Combine the sentences in each set into a single cl

23、ear sentence containing at least one adjective clause.1.The big clock used to strike the hours day and night.It was damaged many years ago.The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago.2.We have ever seen many shows.It was unfortunate.The show was one of the d

24、ullest.Unfortunately,the show was one of the dullest that we have ever seen.3.A man broke his right leg.People took him to hospital.It happened a few weeks before Christmas.A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas.4.A desert island is a sort of paradise.T

25、here the sun always shines.We sometimes imagine so.We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.5.People work in offices.They are frequently referred to as white-collar workers.They usually wear a collar to go to work.They usually wear a tie to go to work

26、People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white-collar workers because they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.6.At first,they were able to take a great many photographs.The photographs were of the mountains.The mountains lay below.They soon ran into serious trouble.Though,at

27、 first,they were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below,they soon ran into serious trouble.1.Restrictive attributive clause:Clause cannot be omitted,if omitted the whole sentence incomplete.The non-restrictive attributive clause:clause can be omitted,if omitted the who

28、le sentence still intact.2.Restrictive attributive clause:that can be used to guide the antecedent.The non-restrictive attributive clause:antecedent can not use that guide.Distinction between restrictive attributive clause non-restrictive attributive clause:3.restrictive attributive clause:leading w

29、ords can sometimes omit.The non-restrictive attributive clause:the word can not be omitted.4.restrictive attributive clause:clause and clause does not need to use commas.The non-restrictive attributive clause:clause and clause needs to use commas.5.restrictive attributive clause:clause only modified

30、 antecedent.The non-restrictive attributive clause:clause that can be modified in advance,a part can also modify the whole sentence or sentences1.Mr.Smith is the only one of those foreigners who _ in China.A.works B.is working C.are working D.have been working 2.He is one of the students who _ to Be

31、ijing.A.have visited in B.has gone C.has paid a visit D.have been 3.The family _ lost everything in a big fire will get much help from their friends.A.which has B.which is C.who have D.who has 4.There is little _ remains to be done.A.which B.that C.what D.but 5.This is the second school _ I used to work at,many students of _ still have a good relationship with me.A.where,that B.that,which C.which,which D.that,thatPractise:Thank you