新概念英语第三册语法：名词性从句和定语从句课件.pptx

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1、Nominal Clause&Attributive ClausePart OneNominal Clause综述综述名词性从句主语从句主语从句subject clause 同位语从句同位语从句appositive clause 宾语从句宾语从句 object clause 表语从句表语从句predicative clause Exercises 综述名词性从句的功能相当于名名词词词词组组。按其句法功能，名词性从句可分为主主语语从从句句、表表语语从从句句、宾宾语语从从句句和同同位位语语从从句句。引导名词性从句的有连接词that,whether和if，关系代词who,whom,whose,wha

2、t,which,whatever,whichever,whoever以及关系副词when,where和how。主语从句1.主主语语从从句句在在句句中中作作主主语语。如：Whichteamwillwinthematchisstillnotcertain.Whyhedidthatwasntquiteclear.2主语从句位于句首时，会使句子显得笨重，因此常以it作为形式主语，而将主语从句后置，以保持句子平衡。如：Itisstrangethatshedidntcomeyesterday.ItspossiblethatWilliamwillbeelectedtoanewleadingpost.3whe

3、ther与if引导主语从句的区别：whether引导的主语从句既可放在引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾句首也可放在句尾，if引导的主语从句只能引导的主语从句只能放在句末放在句末。如：Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.(不能用if)她来不来都没有关系。Itisdoubtfulwhether/ifthePresidentknewthedetailsoftheplan.总统是否知道这个计划的细节这一点颇有疑问。表语从句1表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：ThequestioniswhethershecanspeakEnglish.Tha

4、tiswhatweneed.2表语从句可用表语从句可用whether引导引导，也可用asif引导，但不能用不能用if引导引导。如：HisfirstquestionwaswhetherTomhadarrivedyet.Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.3主句的主语是reason时，表语从句要用that，不能用because。如：Thereasonwhyhewasdismissedwasthathewascarelessandirresponsible.他被开除的原因是他工作马虎，不负责任。同位语从句1同位语从句在句中作同位语，它一般要放在主句中某些名词的后面，说明这些名词

5、的含义。可跟同位语从句的名词主要有fact,news,promise,reason,idea等。如：Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome?同位语从句2同位语从句与定语从句的主要区别：从意义上来说，同位语从句对一个名词加以补充说明，定语从句对一个名词进行修饰或限定。从结构上说，同位语从句由连词引导，连词在句中不作任何成分，只起引导作用；引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任一定成分，含有代替所修饰或限制词语的意义。如：TheywereallshockedatthenewsthatGermanyha

6、ddeclaredwaronRussia.他们都为德国向俄国宣战而感到震惊。(同位语从句，that只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分。)Theywereallshockedatthenewsthatwasannouncedontheradio.他们都为收音机中宣布的消息而震惊。（定语从句，that在从句中作主语，若省略that，句子成分不全。）宾语从句1宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：Iwonderwhoheis.Heissorryforwhathehasdone.注：在口语及非正式文体中，that常省略。2使用宾语从句时应注意时态呼应。1)主句谓语

7、动词是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。如：Ithinkhehaspreparedwellforthecomingexam.Hewilltellmehowhesucceededinthisfieldtomorrow.2)主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句谓语动词若与主句谓语动词同时发生须用一般过去时，先于主句谓语动词须用过去完成时，迟于主句谓语动词则须用过去将来时。如：Ithoughthestudiedhard.Hesaidhehadfinishedthebookthedaybefore.Shesaidthatshewouldntcomethenextday.宾语从句3)从句如果与

8、某一具体的过去时间状语连用，尽管其谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，仍用一般过去时。如：Shetoldmethatherfatherdiedin1991.4）从句所说明的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。Theteachertoldthestudentsthatthecomputerisawonderfulmachine.3不能省略that的宾语从句1）句中的动词后接两个或两个以上的that从句作宾语时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。如：Hesaid(that)hecouldnttellyourightawayandthatyouwouldntunders

9、tand.宾语从句2）当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。如：JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.3）当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。如：ImustnevertellanyonethatIcouldnotseethecloth.4）当that宾语从句前有it作形式宾语时，that不可省。如：Wethinkitimportantthatwestudyhard.4whether和if引导的宾语从句可

10、以互换使用,但介词后的宾语从介词后的宾语从 句只能用句只能用whether,不能用if；宾语从句中含有宾语从句中含有or not时也只能用时也只能用whether，不能用if。如：Heaskedmeif(whether)my brother was at home.Itisaquestionofwhetherweshouldgo.Idontknowwhetherhewillattendtomorrowsmeetingornot.Sentence PatternnA is to B what C is to D(A之于之于B犹如犹如C之于之于D)n=A is to B as C is to Dn

11、What C is to D,that is A to B.As C is to D,so is A to B.nAir is to human what water is to fish.(空气之于人类犹如水之于鱼。）nReading is to mind what food is to the body.（读书之于头脑犹如食物之于身体。n这种句子是省略倒装句，完整的句子应该是：What C is to D is what A is to B 两个what都是is的宾语。C对D是什么，A对B也就是什么。或 C对D的关系就是A对B的关系。Sentence Patternn微笑之於人猶如陽光之於

12、花朵。Smile is to mankind what/as sunshine is to flowers.n教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。nEducation is to the soul what sculpture is to a block of marble.Practicen1.Memory is to experience as regret is to _.(A)sorrow(B)problem(C)recollection(D)mistaken2.讀書之於心靈，正如同食物之於身體。_n3.學問之於智慧，猶如種子之於果實。_n4.宗教之於人就像舵之於船。_n5.書本之於人類

13、猶如記憶之於個人。_ Key to practicen1.Dn2.As food is to the body,so is reading to the mind.n3.Knowledge is to wisdom as/what seed is to fruit.n4.What a rudder is to a ship,that is religion to a man.n5.Books are to mankind what/as memory is to the individual.Exercises1.Directions:In this exercise,there are 20

14、 sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.ABB1)_wecantgetseemsbetterthan_wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what2)_wellgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where3)Youcantimagine_whentheyrecei

15、vedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcitedExercises4)Itworriedherabit_herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.which5)Itwasamatterof_wouldtaketheposition.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomD.whomever6)Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_heor

16、shewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever7)_youdontlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether8)Withthedevelopmentofcomputers,itis_manhassuddenlybecomeamillionaireofthemind.A.thatB.asifC.whyD.asBBACBExercises9)Theoutputofourfactoryisnowthreetimes_itwasthreeyearsago.A.whatB.thatC.asD

17、.which10)Whatsurprisedmewas_sowell.A.whathespokeEnglishB.thathespokeEnglishC.whichdidhespeakEnglishD.whatdidhespeakEnglish11)Weaskedhimthequestion_.A.thatthetroubleisB.whichthetroubleisC.whereisthetroubleD.wherethetroubleis12)Shetoldhimshewouldcomeandseehimoften,_.A)andshewouldneverforgethimB)andtha

18、tshewouldneverforgethimC)shewouldneverforgethimD)sheneverforgetshimDABBExercises13)Theyarefacedwiththeproblem_theyshouldcontinuethework.A.ifB.thatC.whichD.whether14)Thereasonwhyhedidntcomewas_hewasill.A.becauseB.whichC.thatD.when15)Thequestionis_tolandmenthere.A.ifitwassafeB.ifwasitsafeC.whetheritwa

19、ssafeD.whethersafeitwas16)Threedayslater,wordcame_ourcountryhadsentupanotherman-madesatellite.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.whereCDCCExercises17)_makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Anybody18)WhatImconsideringnow_themoneyweneed.A.isB.areC.wereD.was19)Thefact_shehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedall

20、ofus.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.how20)Wethought_strangethatTomdidnotcomeyesterday.A.thatB.itC.thisD.what ACCBExercises2.Directions:Identify the error in each of the following sentences correct it.1)Ihearthathehasdonehisbestandhisfatherissatisfiedwithhim.ABCD2)Amancannotbereallyhappyifthatheenjoysdoingisig

21、noredbyABCsocietyasofnovalueorimportance.D3)Thenewswhichourteamhaswonthematchistrue.ABCDC andthat B what B that Exercises4）Youmustbeawareofthatwhatyouaredoingisquiteillegal.ABCD5)Idontknowthatyoucanrecognizeherfromhere,sinceyouABC haventseeneachotherformanyyears.DA that B whether Part TwonAttributiv

22、e Clause2.2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 定语从句3.3.只用关系代词只用关系代词that，不用，不用 which，who 或或whom的几种情况的几种情况 4.4.as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句与其他词连用引导的定语从句 5.5.“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 1.1.综述综述 6.6.定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1.综述 定定语语从从句句也也称称为为关关系系从从句句或或形形容容词词性性从从句句，由由关关系系代代词词（who,whom,whose,which,that,as）或或关关系系副

23、副词词（when,where,why）等等引引导导。关关系系词词除除了了起起引引导导作作用用外外，还还在在从从句句中中指指代代前前面面的的先先行行词词，并在从句中担任一定的成分并在从句中担任一定的成分。如：The car which was stolen has been found.（which 指指代代先先行词行词car，在从句中作主语），在从句中作主语）The house whose windows are broken is empty.(whose 是是所有格，在从句中作定语所有格，在从句中作定语)This is the little girl whose parents were

24、killed in the great earthquake这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。Ishallneverforgetthedaywhen I entered the university.(when指代先行词指代先行词day，在从句中作时间状语，在从句中作时间状语)2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 1.定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，是对先行词进行补充说明，相当于并列句。如：Heist

25、hemanwhohasastrongpersonality.他是个个性很强的人。（限定性定语从句）Mybrother,whoworksabroad,iscomingnextweek.我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。（非限定性定语从句）注：1.非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导，一般用which，as或who（指人）。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。如：Hespokeconfidently,whichimpressedmemost.（which指代整个主句，在从句中作主语）2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 2.as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在

26、主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如：Asweallknow,themoonisasatelliteoftheearth.Thelargeareaiscoveredwiththicksnow,whichaffectspeopleslifegreatly.3.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如：The film(which)I saw last night is about a young teacher.(which可以省去)Sheintroducedmetoherhusba

27、nd,whomIhadntmetbefore.(whom不能省去)3.只用关系代词that，不用 which，who或whom的几种情况 1.当先行词是先行词是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much,none,few等时。如：Allthatyouwantarehere.2.当先行词被all,no,some,any,every,afew,alittle,much,only,very等修饰时等修饰时。如：Thereisnopersonthatdoesntmakemistakes.1.2.3.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词

28、被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.3.只用关系代词that，不用 which，who或whom的几种情况 4.当出现两个或两个以上的先行词两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物兼指人和物时。如：Wearetalkingaboutthepeopleandcountriesthatwehavevisited.5.当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whoisthepersonthatisstandingoverthere?6.当定语从句为为therebe句型句型时，关系代词只能用that，但经常可以省略。如

29、：Iknowthedifference(that)thereisbetweenyou.7.当关系代词在从句中作表语从句中作表语时，常用that。如：Hedoesnotseemtobethemanthathewas.他似乎和过去不一样了。4.as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句as引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与thesame，such，so等连用，形式为：the same as，such as，asas，soas。As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：Sheknewhefeltjustthesameasshedid.她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as代替事，作宾语宾语)Ilendyo

30、usuchbooksaswillinterestyou.我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as代替物，作主语主语)4.as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句注注：thesameas和thesamethat的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。如：ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.这和我昨天丢的笔一样。（类似的笔）ThisisthesamepenthatIlostyesterday.这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。（同一支笔）5.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句在“介词+

31、which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于3种情况：1定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。如：ThisisthecollegeinwhichIamstudying.Heisthemanaboutwhomwearetalking.2先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如：Thespeedatwhichthemachineoperatesisshownonthemeter.仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度。3当定语从句为最高级时只能用ofwhich;否则用其他介词。如：IhavefivedictionariesofwhichLongmanDictionaryisthebest.Ihavefivedictiona

32、riesamongwhichLongmanDictionaryispublishedinUK.5.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句注注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如putupwith；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：befamiliarwith/to，comparewith/to等。有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from,to等。如：Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadstoJapan,Korea,ThailandandIndia.中国是风筝的故乡，从这里，放风

33、筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度。6.6.定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句在复合句中的功能相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。而同位语从句则属于名词性从句，对与它有同位关系得名词作进一步解释，使其内容具体化。例如：Shefeltverysadbecauseofthenewsthatherhusbandwaskilledinanaircraftcrash.(同位语从句)Thefactthatshetoldmemademeveryangry.（定语从句）Exercises1.Directions:In this exercise,there are 15

34、 sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.CDB1)HehastoworkonSunday,_hedoesntlike.A.onwhichtimeB.whichtimeC.whichD.when2)Ifoundthebookhere,_wasthelastplaceIexpectedtofindit.A.whereB.itC.atwhichD.which3)I,_yourfriend,tellyouso

35、.A.thatamB.whoamC.thatisD.whoisExercises4)Childrenshouldnthavemoremoney_isneeded.A.thanB.whichC.thatD.whose5)_weknow,morethan70percentoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.A.WhichB.AsC.BecauseD.That6)Ihaveboughtthesamebicycle_youhave.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it7)Youhavemanypeoplearoundyou_arekindtoyoubut_youwillso

36、onforget.A./;/B./;whoC.who;/D.who;whomCABDExercises8)Dad,IvefinishedmyassignmentGood,and_youplayorwatchTV,youmustntdisturbme.A.wheneverB.whetherC.whateverD.nomatter9)DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher？Yes,Igaveittoher_IsawherA.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.as10)Thefamousscientistgrewup_hewasbo

37、rnandin1930hecametoShanghaiA.whenB.wheneverC.whereD.wherever11)Wehadbetterhurry_itisgettingdarkA.andB.butC.asD.unlessCBBCExercises12)Wewerein_whenweleftthatweforgottheairlinetickets.A.arushsoanxiousB.asuchanxiousrushC.soananxiousrushD.suchananxiousrush13)Sallyworkedlateintheeveningtofinishherreport_

38、herbosscouldreaditfirstthenextmorning.A.sothatB.becauseC.beforeD.orelse14)_Iknowthemoneyissafe,Ishallnotworryaboutit.A.EventhoughB.UnlessC.AslongasD.While15)Ishallstayinthehotelallday_thereisnewsofthemissingchild.A.incaseB.nomatterC.inanycaseD.eversinceCDAAExercises2.Directions:Identify the error in

39、 each of the following sentences and correct it.1)Intheearlymorning,thefirstthingwhichbothmybrotherandIABdidwastogoouttoseethepony.CD2)Childrenwholiketoreadusuallyreadmoreinthesummer,andABthoseonlyreadforschoolassignmentscanbepersuadedtoreadfor funinthesummerbecausethereisnoschoolpressure.A thatC th

40、osewhoonlyreadExercises3)Thecomputer,itisa20thcenturyinvention,hascreatedstartlingABtechnologicalchangesinthewayweorganizeandproduceinformation.CD4)WemovedtothecountrysothatthechildrenwouldhaveagardenABCwhichtheycouldplay.D5)Hehasreachedapointwhichachangeisneeded.ABCDD whichwasA whereC whereExercise

41、s6）Whentelevisionwasfirstintroduced,theextentthatitwouldABaffectsocietycouldnothavebeenforeseen.CD7)ManypeopleareagainstsmokinginitnotonlycausesdiseasestoABCthesmokerbutalsodirtiestheair.D8)Earlylikeitwas,therewasalreadyquiteafewpeopleinfrontofABCthetheaterattheadvancebookingoffice.DB towhichB intha

42、titA asExercises9)Howhardhetries,hecantmakeoutthedifferenceinmeaningABCbetweenthetwowords.D10)Justaspeopledifferintheirabilitytohearsound,asdotheyABCdifferintheirappreciationofsounds.DHoweverhardA C soExercises3.Directions:Put the following sentences into English.1)他们正在谈论他们访问过的老师和学校。2)她又改变了主意，这使我们大家

43、都很生气。3)他给我的建议这样好，所以我很容易地完成了任务。4)既然你们准备好了，我们马上开始工作。5)即使我失败了，我仍会继续尝试下去。Theyaretalkingabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhavevisited.Shechangedhermindagain,whichmadeallofusveryangry.Now(that)youareready,wellstartworkingatonce.HegavemesuchgoodadvicethatIfinishedthetaskeasily.EventhoughIfail,Illkeepontrying.