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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高考英语语法讲义1. 语法概述(主要内容:英语语法的学习方法与高考应试技巧、高考英语语法考点总体架构解析)2. 名词、数词、冠词3. 代词4. 代词(续)、形容词与副词5. 动词概述(主要内容:解析包括情态动词在内的动词各类型)6. 时态7. 语态、语气、非谓语动词8. 非谓语动词(续)、介词9. 定语从句10. 状语从句11. 名词性从句、主谓一致12. 倒装句、省略句、情景交际单选题真题训练Unit 1 语法概述第一部分:应试技巧之真题演练(一)1. Never _ time come back again.Awill lose Bwill lost Cwill
2、losingDwill to lose2. We had _ arrived at the train station when the train began to move.Ano soonerBhardlyCalmostDnearly3. The days we looked forward to _ at last.AcomesBto come CcameDcoming4. Time should be made good use of _ our lessons well.AlearingBlearned Cto learnDlearns第二部分:应试技巧之真题演练(二) David
3、 has made great progress recently. _, and _ASo he has; so you haveBSo he has; so have youCSo has he; so have youDSo has he; so you have 第三部分:关于各种句子类型的否定式的总结注一、陈述句的否定式陈述句的否定式主要体现在谓语中。1.对谓语的否定(1)否定副词not通常总是放在谓语中第一个动词(助动词、系动词或情态动词)后面,一般现在时、一般过去时等时态下没有助动词、系动词或情态动词的句子必须加上助动词、系动词或情态动词后再加not。否定式中助动词、系动词和情态
4、动词与not在口语里常缩成一个单词,如:arent、isnt等等。“have”作“有”讲时的否定形式比较特殊,既可以在它后面直接加not,也可以在它的前面加“助动词 + not”。注意:在主句接有宾语从句时,宾语从句的否定式习惯上放在主句谓语处。英语语法上有个概念叫“否定转移”,“否定转移”就是指将本属于that宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中的现象,“否定转移”发生在主句中发表看法、感觉的情况下,例如:I dont believe Ive met you before.否定转移也有一些例外情况,在以下情况下不允许否定转移:主句中添加情态动词否定式cant、mustnt、wouldnt等的情况,例
5、如:I cant believe that they are not married.从句中由no、never、nothing、nobody等否定词表否定或者由not just.but、just not.enough、not much、not quite等固定搭配进行否定,不便把否定转移到主句中去的情况,例如:I thought it explained nothing.(2)由never、hardly等表示全部否定或部分否定的其他单词表示否定式,其通常置于谓语的第一个助动词、系动词或情态动词后(若无助动词、系动词或情态动词则直接放在作为谓语的实义动词前)。2.对主语等名词性成分的否定(1)可
6、在该名词性成分前加no或not注意事项:not和no的区别:no ( = not a /any )除用于回答一般疑问句外是形容词,只能作前置定语;not是否定副词、适用范围比no广,在作定语时not语气要比no弱而且not与其中心词之间须有冠词或者其他定语。试比较如下例句:He has not any friends here. 他在这里没有朋友。He has no friends here. 他在这里根本没有朋友。not与all、both、everyone、everybody等表“全部”意义的不定代词连用时构成“部分否定”。例如:Not all your classmetes like yo
7、u. 你的同学有些喜欢你,但有些不喜欢你。Everybody cant do it. = Not everybody can do it. 并不是人人都能做这件事。例外情况:all 与具有否定意义前缀或后缀的单词连用时表示全部否定。如:We all dislike smoking. 我们全都不喜欢抽烟。all与形式肯定而意义否定的其他词或词组连用时也表示全部否定,包括与tooto、fail to、free of (from)连用等等。例如:All the people there are too old to work. 那里所有的人年龄都太大,不适合工作。All of them are no
8、w free from danger.他们全都脱离危险了。They all failed to keep their words. 他们全都没有信守诺言。(2)用nothing、hardly、seldom、never、little等具有否定意义的其他单词表示。例如:I have never been there.二、疑问句的否定式疑问句的否定式主要有两种形式:1.将助动词、系动词或情态动词移到主语前(特殊疑问句的疑问词本身作主语时则不移动),not留在主语后面,例如:Is he not your brother?2.将助动词、系动词或情态动词和not的连体形式移到主语前,例如:Isnt he
9、your brother?(但如下没用连体形式的句子则属于错误用法:Is not he your brother?)注意:与陈述句语序相同的疑问句依陈述句的否定形式,如:You are not Chinese? He is not your brother?三、祈使句的否定式一般的祈使句在前加Do not或者Dont即可构成其否定式。例如:Do not give up midway!“let”型祈使句的否定式有两种:如果宾语是第三人称,用“Dont let”形式;如果宾语是第一人称,则用“Letnot”形式。例如:Dont let this type of things happen agai
10、n. Lets not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter. Unit 2 名词可数名词规则复数形式所遵循的规则为:1.绝大多数名词的复数形式是在该词的单数形式后加-s,-s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,在以ce、se、ze、(d)ge等结尾的词后读/iz/(在以th结尾的名词后的读法存在不规则的情况)。如:deskdesks, daydays。2.以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在名词后加-es,词尾-es读/iz/。如:busbuses, boxboxes, watch watches, brushbrush
11、es。但以ch结尾的名词,若ch发/k/音,则其复数应加-s,-s一般读/s/, 如:stomachstomachs。3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,将y变成i 再加-es,-es读/z/,如:babybabies, countrycountries, ladyladies。注意:以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变为复数,s读/z/,如:two Marys、boyboys、keykeys。Unit 3 数词一、基数词的构成I II III IV 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 ni
12、ne 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a (one) hundred1,000 a thousand 10,000 ten thousand 1,000,000 a million 1,000,000,000 a billion(美)a thousan
13、d million(英)1,000,000,000,000a trillion(美)a billion(英) 注意:一般情况下基数词为单数形式,基数词在特殊情况下可以用复数形式:1.hundred、thousand、million等基数词前边没有数字和“a few”、“one”、“ten”等其他限定词修饰时可用复数形式,后面再加“of名词”,表示不确定的数,例如:hundreds of (数以百计的),thousands and thousands of (成千上万的),millions of (数以百万计的)。2.在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的介词词组里,例如:They arrived in
14、 twos and threes.他们三三两两地到达了。3.表示人的岁数(以“in +the +表示几十的基数词的复数形式”结构表示)或年代。例如:He is in his thirties. It took place in the 1950s(s前的“”可以不要).表示数量的名词dozen(n.一打, 十二个)和score(n.二十)的用法可以同基数词的用法类比。二、序数词的构成阿拉伯数字 基数词 序数词 序数词缩写形式 阿拉伯数字 基数词 序数词 序数词缩写形式 1 one first 1st 11 eleven eleventh 11th 2 two second 2nd 12 twe
15、lve twelfth 12th 3 three third 3rd 13 thirteen thirteenth 13th 4 four fourth 4th 14 fourteen fourteenth 14th 5 five fifth 5th 15 fifteen fifteenth 15th 6 six sixth 6th 16 sixteen sixteenth 16th 7 seven seventh 7th 17 seventeen seventeenth 17th 8 eight eighth 8th 18 eighteen eighteenth 18th 9 nine ni
16、nth 9th 19 nineteen nineteenth 19th 10 ten tenth 10th 20 twenty twentieth 20th Unit 5 代词一、人称代词简表数人称格 单 数 复 数 主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him she her it it 人称代词主格和宾格用法的例外情况总结:(1)be后面的代词的特殊情况。在非正式文体中,特别是在口语中,在be后的代词一般使用宾格,但在电话用语中或者在强调主语时常用主格。例如:Who is it?Its me/him/her
17、/us.I wish to speak to Mary.This is she.It is she who wants to go home.(2)宾格人称代词作主语的情况。在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或者其在not 后或者其在感叹句中起强调作用时,多用宾语。例如:I like English.Me too.(3)主格代替宾格的情况。在介词but、except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。二、it用法总结表作用 具体用法 典型例句 指代事物 代替前文提到过的东西或事情,用作人称代词 This is a new dictionary. I bought it yesterday.Tom joi
18、ned the army last mouth. Do you know about it? 代替指示代词,起着this或that的作用 Is this your car? No, it isnt. Whats that?Its a video. Whose room is this?It is theirs. 指明某人或某物的身份,还可指不明性别的婴儿 Whos there? Its me. (Its John)Go and see who it is that rings. Its Bill.The Greens have a new baby. Its lovely. 指时间,距离,自然
19、现象(天气、气候、明暗等),量度,价值等等 Its Sunday today. Its three months since he came here.How far is it to the Great Wall?Its getting dark. How much is the coat? Its ninety dollars. 形式主语 代替不定式 It is up to you to decide. It makes me happy to hear you have recovered 代替动名词 Its no good smoking. Its worthwhile working
20、 the whole night on the problem. 代替主语从句 It doesnt matter what you do. It seems that everyone has known the news. 形式宾语 代替不定式 I consider it better to be early.We found it impossible to get there before July . 代替动名词 We thought it no use doing that. 代替宾语从句 The teacher makes it clear that everyone should
21、 hand in his homework on time . 在强调结构中的特殊句型:被强调部分其它 强调主语 It is I who am to blame.It was your uncle that/who came yesterday. 强调宾语 It was a new pen that Mother gave me . 强调状语 强调地点:It was in the classroom that I left my umbrella. 强调时间:It is at eleven that the train leaves. 强调方式:It was just as he ordere
22、d that I acted . 强调原因:It was because he was in trouble that I tried my best to help him. 强调宾补 It was red that we painted the gate.It was chairman that they elected him. 三、物主代词简表类型 单数 复数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 形 容词 性 my your his,her,its our your their 名词性 mine yours his,hers ours yours theirs
23、四、反身代词简表数人 称 单 数 复 数 第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself, herself, itself themselves Unit 6 形容词与副词比较级和最高级的构成法总结:一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成法1.单音节形容词比较级和最高级的构成法(1)单音节形容词比较级和最高级的规则形式:若无特殊情况,单音节形容词通常都以加词尾-er和-est的方式分别构成其比较级和最高级。例如:talltallertallest。以-e结尾的词,加-r和-st,例如largelargerlargest。以一个辅音
24、字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er、-est。例如:bigbiggerbiggest,gladgladdergladdest。以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单音节词,改y为i,再加 er、-est。如icyiciericiest。(2)单音节形容词比较级和最高级的不规则情况:原级 比较级 最高级 good well bad ill old older/elder oldest/ eldest much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 2.双音节形容词(1)双音节形容词通
25、常加more和 most构成比较级和最高级,例如:foolish more foolish most foolish;active more active most active。(2)下述双音节形容词以加词尾-er、-est(以e结尾的词仍只加-r和-st)方式分别构成比较级、最高级:以-er结尾的词,如clevercleverercleverest。yellow、narrow、hollow等以ow 结尾的词,如narrownarrowernarrowest。able、simple、noble等以-le结尾的词,如:simplesimplersimplest。angry、happy、like
26、ly、lively、lucky等以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加er和-est,如happyhappierhappiest。重音在第二音节的词(如exact、intense、obscure)和alone、alike等表语形容词以及如下形容词:stupidstupiderstupidest;pleasantpleasanterpleasantest;quietquieterquietest。3.三音节或更多音节的词通常都加more、most分别构成比较级、最高级,例如:beautiful more beautiful most beautiful。4.特殊情况:(1)起形容词作用
27、的现在分词和过去分词,不管有多少音节,都加more、most分别构成比较级、最高级,例如:interesting more interesting most interesting。(2)合成形容词大多在前面加more、most分别构成比较级、最高级,例如:home-sick more home-sick most home-sick;up-to-date more up-to-date most up-to-date。但若构成合成词的第一个词是大家熟悉的单音节词,通常-er或-est都加在这个词的前面,例如:well-known better-known best-known;kind-he
28、arted kinder-hearted kindest-hearted;hard-working harder-working hardest-working。二、副词比较级和最高级的构成法1.单音节副词和单音节形容词一样,都以加-er、-est的方式分别构成比较级和最高级,例如:lowlowerlowest;loudlouderloudest。2.双音节及多音节副词,特别是以-ly结尾的副词,通常加 more和most分别构成比较级和最高级,例如:wiselymore wiselymost wisely;suddenlymore suddenlymost suddenly;beautifu
29、llymore beautifullymost beautifully。但如下频率副词例外:seldomseldomerseldomest;earlyearlierearliest;oftenofteneroftenest。3.不规则副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式:原级 比较级 最高级 ill badly well better best much more most little less least far farther(further) farthest(furthest) 三、较低级与最低级的构成方式:less/least + 形容词(或副词)less和least可加在包含各种数量音
30、节的形容词、副词前分别表示“较不”和“最不”,可称为较低级(Lower Degree)或最低级(Lowest Degree)。例如:原级 较低级 最低级 small less small(=larger) least small(=largest) short less short(=longer) least short(= longest) easy less easy least easy beautiful less beautiful least beautiful slowly less slowly least slowly Unit 7 动词概述一、一般现在时中主语为第三人称单
31、数时谓语动词加-s词尾的基本规则简表动 词 类 型 构 成 法 例 词 一般动词 直接加-s workworkslikelikes 以ch、sh、s、x、o结尾的词 加-es teachteacheswishwishes 以辅音+y结尾的词 先变y为i,再加-es crycriesreplyreplies 二、动词的过去式、过去分词的构成动词的过去式和过去分词的变化分为规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则动词的过去式和过去分词形式相同,其具体构成方法见下表:动 词 类 型 构 成 法 例 词 一般动词 加-ed workworked、enjoyenjoyed、reachreached 以-e结尾的动
32、词 加-d dividedivided、blameblamed、loveloved 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词 变y为i,加-ed studystudied、carrycarried、trytried 以重读闭音节结尾、末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed(以-x结尾的词直接加-ed) planplanned、chatchatted、relaxrelaxed 注意:以“l”结尾并且结尾不是重读闭音节的动词,其过去式和过去分词在美国都是直接加-ed,但英式英语中在结尾的“l”前只有一个元音字母时要双写“l”再加-ed,此外另有少数结尾不是重读闭音节的动词在英式英语中以双写末尾的
33、辅音字母加-ed构成其过去式和过去分词。例如:traveltravelld(BrE)/traveled(AmE);worshipworshipped(BrE)/worshiped(AmE)。过去式和过去分词的不规则变化需要考生逐个掌握。三、动词的现在分词和动名词的构成现在分词和动名词通常是在动词原形后加-ing,其具体构成方法见下表:动 词 类 型 构 成 方 法 例 词 一般动词 加-ing bringbringing、saysaying、carrycarrying 以不发音的-e结尾的动词 去掉e,再加-ing liveliving、decidedeciding(但有:freefreein
34、g) 以重读闭音节结尾、末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing runrunning、setsetting(但有:openopening、packpacking) 注意:1.以“l”结尾并且结尾不是重读闭音节的动词,其现在分词和动名词在美国都是直接加-ing,但英式英语中在结尾的“l”前只有一个元音字母时要双写“l”再加-ing,此外另有少数结尾不是重读闭音节的动词在英式英语中以双写末尾的辅音字母加-ing构成其现在分词和动名词。例如:traveltravelling(BrE)/traveling(AmE);worshipworshipping(BrE)/worshipi
35、ng(AmE)。2.有少数动词的现在分词和动名词形式比较特殊,例如:diedying;lielying;tietying;hoehoeing;toetoeing;dyedyeing;ageaging/ageing;picnicpicnicking;panicpanicking。四、情态动词的基础用法总结1. can和could的用法:(1)表示能力(can表示现在,could表示过去)。(2)表示推测、可能性(用could表示更不确定的语气)。例如:He cant(couldnt) be a native of Beijing.(3)表示允许、告诫等口气(用could表示更客气、更委婉的语气)
36、。例如:Can I borrow your dictionary?(4)表示惊讶、怀疑的口气 (主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中),有“何至于”、“不可能”之意,例如:He cannot be a cruel man. 他不可能是一个冷酷的人。Can they have said such a thing?他们何至于说出这样的话?2.may和might的用法:(1)表示许可 (might表示的语气更客气、更委婉),例如:You may take this if you like. 要是你喜欢你可以拿去。(2)表示可能性、推测(用might表示更不确定的语气),例如:He might be st
37、ill waiting at the door now. 他现在可能还在门口等着。(3)对May I / we ?疑问句的肯定回答通常为“Yes, please.”或“Certainly.”;否定回答通常为“Please dont.”或“No, you mustnt”。(4)may可用于表示祝愿,属于虚拟语气的一种用法,例如:May you have a pleasant journey! 祝你旅途愉快! 3.must的用法:(1)表示义务或必要性。对Must you?的回答,肯定形式用must,否定形式一般用neednt或者dont have to.(2)在否定句中表示禁止,例如:The t
38、eacher says they mustnt talk during lessons. 老师不准他们上课说话。(3)表示推测。4.shall的用法:(1)在第二、三人称作主语的肯定句中, shall表示决心、许诺、命令等。例如:Whatever you may say, he shall go. (表决心)不管你说什么,他都要去。You shall have the dictionary as soon as I finish using it. (表许诺)我用完词典就给你。Nobody shall leave the classroom during the exam. (表命令)考试期间
39、都不能离开教室。(2)可以用来征求对方意见,在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,shall表示建议、征求对方的意见等。例如:Shall we set off at seven tomorrow morning? ( =Lets set off at seven tomorrow morning, shall we?)我们明天早晨七点出发,好吗?Shall he send you a check? ( =Let him send you a check, OK?)他给你寄支票来行吗?5.should和ought to的用法:(1)should和ought to后接动词原形,表示命令、劝告或建议等。一
40、般来说,两者可以通用,但后者语气更强烈些。例如:You should do something to help her. 你应该为她做点什么。ought to的疑问、否定形式比较特殊,应予以注意,例如:You ought not to have told her all about it. Ought he to see a heart specialist at once?(2)should和ought to的肯定形式后接动词的完成式,表示该做却未做的事情。例如:You should/ought to have asked my permission first. 你应该首先征得我的同意。(
41、3)should和ought to 的否定形式后接动词的完成式,表示不该做却做了的事情。例如:She was so unhappy. You should not have hurt her feelings. 她如此不高兴,你不应该伤她的感情。6.will的用法:(1)表示意愿,例如:I will never talk about it again. 我不会再提此事。(2)表示决心,例如:I will marry her although my parents strongly object to this marriage. 我一定要娶她为妻,虽然我父母强烈反对。(3)表示请求,例如:Wi
42、ll you come into my office for a moment, please? 请你到我办公室来一下,好吗?(4)表示能力,例如:That hall will seat 2,000 people. 那个大厅能容纳两千人。This car will hold six people comfortably. 这辆车可以舒舒服服地坐上六个人。7.would的用法:(1)表示意愿、选择,例如:I would like a cup of tea. 我想要一杯茶。在表示请求或征求对方的意见时,would比will更加委婉、客气,例如固定搭配would like to do = want
43、to的例句:Would you like to go with me? 但否定结构中用will,一般不用would, wont you本身就是一种委婉语气,例如:Wont you sit down?(2)表示过去的习惯、倾向,例如:Every evening she would teach her daughter to read and write. 注意:与would的第二种用法类似,情态动词used to表示现在已不存在的过去的习惯性动作或状态。试比较:used to +do意为“过去常常”、“过去一直”;be used to +doing / n.意为“习惯于”;be used to
44、+do意为“被用来(做某事)”。8.need的用法:(1)need表示需要(主要用于否定句和疑问句中)。例如:Need you go so soon? Youve only just come. 你需要这么快就走吗?你才刚到呢。need用作情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句,而不宜于肯定句,在肯定句中可将need当作实义动词使用。实义动词的need表示“需要、要求”的常见用法包括need + n. / need + to do sth以及跟want、require、worth(形容词)一样后面接doing表示被动(need doing = need to be done)。need作实义动词时,可
45、用于各种句子,并有时态和人称的变化。例如:Study needed time and patience. You do not need to trouble about it.(2)对于need问句的肯定回答是must,相应的否定回答则是neednt。(3)“need + have + 过去分词”表示需要做却未做的事情。(4)“neednt + have + 过去分词”表示不需要做却做了的事情。9.dare的用法:dare表示“敢”,其用作情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句,而不宜于肯定句(在肯定句中一般将dare当作实义动词使用)。例如:Dare you ask him such a ques
46、tion? 你敢问他这样的问题吗?He dare not jump from the top of the wall. 他不敢从墙上跳下来。注意:dare作实义动词时,有时态和人称的变化,其后的不定式可带to, 也可不带to。例如:She didnt dare (to) say anything like that. 她不敢那样说话。Does she dare (to) go there alone? 她敢独自去那儿吗?与dare不同,need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to。10.had better表示“最好”,后接动词原形,其否定式为had better not动词原形。例如:She
47、d better not play with the pig.11.would rather等表示“宁愿”的词组。would rather的意思是“宁愿”,表示选择,在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形,其否定句是在would rather 后加not,即 would rather not动词原形。此外还有had rather、would sooner、had sooner、would (just) as soon等都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思,在用法上也没有区别。注意:(1)would/had rather、would/had sooner、would (just) as soon等这些词可以和than连用。例如:Id rather die than give up my principle. Id just as soon resign than take part in such dishonest deals. (2)would/had rather、would/had sooner、would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句(that 常省去),该
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