2023届高三英语语法表格版讲义.docx

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1、图说英语：表解语法名 词/K 表1_/可数名词 (C countable)单数表示“个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系后旨不关 系的限定词（冠词/数词/名词所有格/物主代词/指示代词/不定代词等。 表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词：a book, an orange复 数表示泛指时不必加任何限定词We must tell friends from enemies.不可数名 词(Uuncountable )单独出现表示泛指。不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量 的名词词组等来表示其具体数重：a piece of news, a sheet of paper冠

2、词/ 表2-不 定 冠 词泛指某一具体的人/事物He is an old doctor.She is now a different China from what she was.固定词组once upon a time(从前)， an hour or two a long time, a few, a little定 冠 词说话人和听话人心中都了解的 人/事物，表示特指I bought a skirt yesterday. The skirt is very beautiful.最高级/固定词组/习惯用法in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the en

3、d., by the way零 冠 词表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名 词前Failure is the mother of success.Children like cartoons.泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、 学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、 节假日的名词前Do you have a rest after lunch?They are fond of playing basketball/chess. Spring/April/Sunday/Childrens day is the best time.固定词组/习惯搭配on foot, at home, at night, in dan

4、ger, for example face to face, hand in hand, side/step by side/step情 态 动 词 的 基 本 用 法/ 表 17_/will意愿I will never talk about it again.决心I will marry her although my parents strongly object to this marriage.请求Will you come into my office for a moment, please?能力The hall will seat 2000 people.would肯定/疑问句中

5、表示意愿、 选择，比win更加委婉客 气I would like a cup of tea.Would you like to go with me?否认句中用will,因为我 won飞you本身就是一种 委婉语气Wont you sit down?过去 习惯 ，性的 动 作， 区别 于 usedtoused to强调过去与现在 的比照，表示一个已经中 断的行为或状态；可以与 表示动作或状态的动词 连用He used to get up early.过去他常常早起 (但现在已经不早起了)There used to be an apple tree in front of the buiding

6、.Would只表示过去的行 为；只能与表示动作的动 词连用Every evening she would teach her daughter to read and write.need & dare否认/疑 问句（情 态动词）need+have+done （不常见） 本来需要做某事而事实 上没有做He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldnt have missed the train.needn+have+done过去不必要做某事而实 际已经做了某事I neednt have bought so much win

7、e-only five people came.肯定句（实义动 词）need后的不定式必须带toYou do not need to do it.dare后的不定式可带to也 可不带toShe did not dare (to) say anything like that.hadbetter表示“最好”后接动词原型，否认形 式为had better not+动词原型She had better not play with the bad boy.would rather 等表示“宁愿”还有had rather, would sooner, had sooner, would （just） a

8、s soon ；肯定式后面直接接动词原型， 否认形式为would rather not+动词原 型I would rather stay here than go home.If I have a choice, I had rather not continue my studies at this school.一般 现在 时 厂表 18-具体用法经典例句基本用法表示现存的状态、情况Does he work hard?表示过去、现在、将来都理应 存在的客观事实和真理The earth moves round he sun 3 plus 22 is 5.表示现阶段经常性、反复性的He get

9、s up very early every morning.He is always ready to help others.特 殊 用 法（1）代替 过去时 表示过 去主句用过去时，宾语从句所述 是客观真理/经常性动作，从句谓 语动词用一般现在时The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east.表达往事，使其生动Napoleons army now advances ad the great battle begins表示“书上说” “报纸上说”等The newspaper says that it is going to

10、 be cold tomorrow.代替 进行时进行图片说明、电影说明、戏 剧内容及场景解说时Scene 1( Lucy and Miss Green are in the doctor room-a large, pleasant room with many books.)习惯表达中表示现在正在发生 的动作/存在的状态Here comes the bus!How it rains!(雨下得好大哈！)一般 现在时 表示将 来 表示已经安排/计划好，将来 必定发生的动作/存在的状态 Be, come, go, arrive leave, start, beginMy birthday fall

11、s on April 29. Tomorrow we start for Shanghai. The meeting is at 8:00 a.m. tomorrowHis ship leaves at 5:00 p.m. this noon在含有条件、让步、时间等状 语从句的复合句中，从句用一般 现在时表示将来的动作We will try to finish the work in time although we are short of manpower. Shell go to see him as soon as she arrives一般过去 时（表 19）具体用法经典例句在过去某

12、一特定时间发生的动作/存在 的状态He was here just now.过去经常/反复发生的动作，可和时间状 语often连用，也经常和used to, would连 ,用He used to smoke.When Lily was young, she would work on the farm.现在进行时（表 20）具体用法经典例句表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，与 Now, at the moment, for the time being, for the present等时间状语连用The children are singing a fine song at the moment

13、.表示近段时间主要进行的动作（说 话时不一定正在进行）What is he doing this week? He is translating a book.一般 将来 时 /表 2L具体用法经典例句:基本形式Will/shall+动词原型I shall be back.特殊形式(1) be goingto+动词原型按计划、安排要发 生的事/主观上已经 决定、准备要做的事I am going to buy a new car.某种迹象说明很 可能发生的事情Dark clouds are gathering. It is going to rain.be to +动 词原型约定、计戈U/按职

14、责、义务要求即将发 生的动作The sports meet is to take place on Sunday morning.命令、禁止，具有 “必要”的强制意义Tell her that she is not to be back late.（3）be about to+动词原型，“不久就要” “即将发生”但不与tomorrow, next week等表示确切将来时间状语连用The film is about to begin.用瞬间动词 go, come, leave, start, begin等的一般现在时/现在进行时表 示将来要发生的动作We start at six and ar

15、rive at the station at seven.过去进行时 （表 22）具体用法经典例句表示过去某一时刻（时间状语/上下 文会提示）正在进行的动作He was watching TV when I came in.表示过去某一段时间内主要从事的 活动（说话时不一定在进行）I was writing a story last year.具体用法经典例句”表示时间长短吊 r“、一 一 tortenI have sat for hours in the表不从过去某时接 .一 一r-iw-L s minutes, since,classroom, reading a novel.开始一直延续

16、到现的“在的动作/状态（be,时，口、 for hourswork, study, live 等 1 可一 -，.1任3”、表不到目刖为The weather has been cold so far现在完成时延续性动词）状 J,一 、止 so far, up tothis winter.（表23）语？now, until now表示过去已经完成的某种动作对现 *母的叶间共、五 一八一 常接的时可状语：I have not finished my homework在造成的结果/存；/.yet.左的目外商，-already, yet, just,在的影响（give, go,J a ever, n

17、ever meet, see等非延续He has just come.动词）过去 完成 时厂 表 2具体用法经典例句表示某动作/状态从过去 的某一时间之前就已经开 始，一直持续到过去的某一 时间，通常用延续性动词，常接的时间状语： for, since, until 等弓I 导的时间段He had already had his own lab by the time he was ten.表示过去某一时间之前已经发生过的动作/存在 的状态，通常用非延续性动词He had learned 15000 English words by the end of last term.过去 将来 时 /

18、表 25-具体用法构成形式经典例句表示从过去某一 时间开始将要发 生的动作/存在的 状态，通常用于 主句为过去时态 的宾语从句中would/should+动词原型The students said they would go to visit the Great Wall the next day.was/were going to+动词原型He said that he was going to live in the countryside.was/were to+动词不定式，假设被 安排的动作后来没有实现就用 were/was to have+动词 的过去 分词We were to le

19、ave at 10 last night.We were to have left at 10 last night.was/were about to+动词不定式I was about to take a bath when the telephone rang.主动 语态 和被 动语 态的 转换 方法 /表 26-单个宾语 的主动句变 为被动句The police have arrested these three men.These three men have been arrested (by the police).含宾语从 句的主句变 为被动句They say that Henr

20、y eats 10 oranges day.法一:It （形式主语）+原句谓语动词的 被动式+原句中的宾语从句It is said that Henry eats 10 oranges a day.法二:原句中宾语从句的主语+原句谓 语动词的被动式+原句宾语从句中谓 语动词的不定式Henry is said to eat 10 oranges a day.双宾语的 主动句变为 被动句A.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直 接宾语I gave him a book法一：He was given a book.法二：A book was given to him by me.B.主语+谓语+间接宾语+介 词

21、+直接宾语(convince of, apply with, rob of, congratulate on, remind of) He mistook me for my sister.唯一改法：T was mistaken for my sister.C.主动句的直接宾语是从句 时即 主语+谓语+间接宾语+从 句They told me that eveiything had been ready.唯一改法：I was told that everything had been ready.复合宾语 （含宾补成 分）的主动句 变为被动句Everybody called her siste

22、r.She was called sister by everybody.假设谓语动词为make, let等使 役动词/see, hear, watch等感 官动词时+后面的宾补为不 带to的不定式时，变为被动 句后要加上不定式符号toT saw her enter the library.She was seen to enter the library.用主 动形 式表 不被 动意 义 厂表 27-及物动词 sell, wash, write, wear, open, shut, lock, close, start, begin, read 等用作 不及物动词表示呼吁的内在特征、性质 或

23、所处状态（常与easily, quickly, well等 副词连用），而并非强调动作本身The door locks easily.The pen writes well.The table can not move.His novel does not sell.在形容词worth后面的动名词The book is worth reading.在动词need, want, require后的动名词Your hair wants cutting.某些系动词如 fell, smell, sound, taste, proveGood medicine tastes bitter.Einstei

24、ns theory proved to be correct.不定式所修 饰的名词/代词 是不定式所表 示的动作的宾 语，不定式中的动词是及 物动词I have a meeting to attend.不定式中的动词是不 及物动词，不定式中必 须包含必要的介词There is no person to agree with.虚拟 语气 厂表 28一基 本 形 式假设类型条件丛包中的谓语动词形式主包中的谓语动词的形式与现在事实 相反动词的过去式（be动词用were, 但在第三人陈单数后也可用 was）would/could/might/should（主语为第一人称）+动 词原形与过去事实相反ha

25、d+过去分词would/could/might/should(主语为第一人 称)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反were to / should+动词原形would/could/might/should（主语为第一人称）+动 词原形特殊 形 式倒装条件句条件从句中含有were, had, should等助动词时,可省略if,把助动词放在条件从句 的句首，呈现倒装形式。Were they here now (=If they were here now), they could help us.Had you come earlier (=If you had come earlier), y

26、ou would have met him.Should it rain (=If it should rain), the crops would be saved.含蓄条件句 （非真实的假 设没有通过 if引导的状 语从句来表 现，而利用其 他手段来表 现）用Without, but for (要不是)等介词短语表示条件Without air and water (=If there wew no air and water), all living things on the earth would die.But for the car accident (=If there had

27、not been the car accident), we would have auiyed there much earlier.用分词短语表示条件Given more time (=If we had been given more time), we could have done the task much better.用连词 or, otherwise, but, once, though不条件He was taken to hospital at once yesterday (=If he had not been taken to hospital at once yes

28、terday), otherwise/or he would have died already.错综时间条 件句（状语从 句中谓语动 词针对的时 间与主句中 谓语动词针 对的时间不 一致）主句从句例句现在过去If you had studied hard before, you would pass the test.将来If we shouldnt have an exam this_afternoon, I would 父o shopping now.将来过去Tf we had not made adequate preparations, we shouldnt dare to do

29、the experiment next week.现在Tf they started now, they would be here tomorrow.过去将来If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have 及one to see the film with you last night.现在If he knew this, it would have had to be by accident.非谓 语动 词的 时态 和语 态不 定式 在句 中成 分厂 表 29-不定式动名词

30、分词（现在分词）不及物动 词（go为例）及物动词（write为例）主动式被动式主动式被动式主动式被动式般 时to dotobedonedoingbeing donegoingwritingbeing written进 行 时to be doingN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A完 成 时to havedoneto havebeen donehaving donehaving been donehaving gonehaving writtenhaving been written完 成 进 行 时to have been doingN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A不定 式句 中成 分厂

31、 表 30-主 语与动名词 作主语的 区别不定式：具体、一次性动作To take a walk after supper this evening is a good idea.动名词：抽象、一般性动作Taking a walk after supper will do good to your health.引出不定 式的逻辑 主语的方It is/look/appear+ 形容词 +for sb. to do sth.It is impossible for him to go alone. It is not easy for us to master a foreign language

32、.不定 式在 句中 成分 厂表 30-式It is /look/appear+形容词+of sb.to do sth.It is kind of you to say so.It is stupid of you to make such a mistake.表 语表示某种结果，表示“同意、命令、决定、 劝告”等意You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow.My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately.宾 语与 动 名 词 作 宾 语 的 区 别表喜好的 like, love, prefer, ha

33、te, dislike 后不定式：具体、临时性动 作I dont like to swim today.动名词：抽象、经常性动 作I like swimming.begin, start 后不定式：动作自动/忽然 开始Suddenly it began to rain.动名词：有意识的开始某 动作He began talking about his plan for the summer holiday.forget, remember 后不定式：为做某事（动作 尚未发生）You must remember to tell him all that.John forgot to tell Ma

34、ry about it.动名词：已做过某事（动 作已经完成）Cant you remember telling me the story last night?John forgot telling Mary about it.regret 后不定式：遗憾要做某事I regret to tell you that you have failed the exam.动名词：后悔做了某事 （事情已发生）I regret telling you that you have failed the exam.stop 后不定式：停下来正在做的 事去做别的事I stopped to ask the way

35、.动名词：停止正在做的事The students stopped talking when their teacher came in.try后不定式：设法做成某事 （不一定成功）He tried to answer each question by himself.动名词：试着做某事If you want to improve the taste, try adding some sugar.mean 后不定式：企图打算I didnt mean to make you angry.动名词：意味着Missing the train means waiting for an hour.allow

36、, permit, advise, forbid 后不定式（宾补）：说明了允许、建议或禁止谁做什么事情His doctor does not allow him to smoke.动名词（宾语）：没有明确地指出允许、建 议或禁止谁做什么事情Sorry, we dont allow smoking in the meeting room.不定 式在 句中 成分 厂表 30-作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语，以it 做形式宾语，不定时放在宾语补足语后面She consider it important to make friends with them.I dont think it necessa

37、ry to argue with them.宾 语 补 足 语（宾 语是 不定 式的 逻辑 主语）带 to 的不定式 ask, allow, warn, get, tell, invite, force, beg, wish, want, like, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, permit, request, order, cause, know等后面作宾语补足语Many parents allow their children to make their own decision.不 带to 的 不 定 式主动语态感官动词(see, hear,

38、 watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel)/使役动 词(make, let have)后I saw her enter the library.I cant make the horse go.被动语态感官动词/使役动词后不定式转为充 当主语补足语，不定式符号to必须保 留She was seen to enter the library.定 语（后 置定 语，表 示将 要发 生的 动作）动宾关系： 不定式所 修饰的名 词/代词是 不定式所 表示的动 作的宾语， 此时不定 式用主动 形式表示 被动意义。不定式中另 一个名词/代 词可以充

39、当 不定式的逻 辑主语（不定 时所表示的 动作地发出 者）不定式中的 动词是及物 动词I have a meeting to attend.I have some clothes to wash.不定式中的 动词是不及 物动词，不 定式中必须 包含必要的 介词There is no person to agree with.不定式中另 一个名词/代 词不可以充 当不定式的 逻辑主语Do you have anything to be bought? Ill go shopping.(Fil have many things to buy.)Have you a letter to be sen

40、t?(Have you a letter to send?)主谓关系:不定式所修饰的名词/代词是不 定式所表示的动作的发出者I need someone to type the letters for me.不定式说明其所修饰的名词/代词本身的内 容We have made a plan to finish the work.固定句型中习惯上使用不定式作定语It is your turn to speak now.It is time to go to school. 状语表目的 so as to, in order toHe ran so fast as to catch the first

41、 bus.引导结果状语，在句末表示事先没有预料 到的结果，前面常用only表强调He searched the room only to find nothing.I visited him only to find him out.人 称 代 词/ 表3-基 本 用 法单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称1meweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheytheysheheritit多个人陈代词并 列的排序单数的语境下：you放在最前，I放在最后You, she and I all enjoy music.复数的语境下：we放在最前，they放在最后We, you and t

42、hey should preserve the environment* It的 特 殊 用 法指代事物/人代替前文提到 过的事物This is a new dictionary. I bought it yesterday.代替指示代 词,起 this/that 作用Is this you car? No, it isnt.指代动植物、 不明身份/性别 的人/婴儿Look at that bird. It always comes to my window.The Greens have a new baby. It is lovely.指自然现象 （天气、气象、 天色等）/量度 （时间、距

43、离、 温度、价值等）It is getting dark.How far is it to the Great Wall?充当形式主语代替不定式It is our duty to take care of the old.代替动名词It is worthwhile working the whole night.代替主语从句It doesnt matter what you do.充当形式宾语代替不定式I consider it better to be early.代替动名词We thought it no use doing that.代替宾语从句The teacher made it c

44、lear that everyone should hand in his homework on time.用于强调句型It is/was+被强调 的 部 分 +that/who/whom4- 原剧中其他局部强调 主语It is my word that counts.（我说了 算）强调 宾语It is me that/whom you should ask.强调 状语强调时间It is at eleven that the train leaves.强调地点It was in the classroom that I left him.强调方式It was just as he order

45、ed that I acted.强调原因It was because he was poor that I helped him强调It was red that we painted the gate.作表语的状语表示原因/程度I am glad to see you.The room is large enough to have meeting in.不定 式 的时 态和 语态 厂表 31时态不定式的 动作和谓 语动词的 动作顺序经典例句语态不定式符号to后是及物动 词，有主动语态和被动语态 之分一般时同时I did not mean to hurt your feelings.He doesnt like to be treated like a guest.These books are not allowd to be taken out of the reading room.之后I hope to see you again.进行时同时He pretended to be studying when his mother went into his room.N/A