外教社新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列（修订版）：综合教程（第3版） 第1册 Unit 8 Lecture Notes.docx

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1、Unit 8 Gender Bias in LanguageSection One Pre-reading ActivitiesI. Lead-inActivity 1A gender-specific word, if used to refer to a mixed-gender group, is vague, misleading, offensive, or sometimes comicaL Improve the following sentences by using gender-neutral words or expressions.1. A man who is dep

2、ressed really needs a friend.2. Every student should read his packet carefully.3. We do hope that the policy will benefit all mankind.4. If you need the stewardess for something, just push the call button.5. All along the way, we wondered whether we were making the right mothering decisions.6. Dear

3、Sir (in letters to unknown persons)Answers:1. Revised: One who is depressed really needs a friend.2. Revised: Each student should read his/her packet carefully.Or: Students should read their packets carefully.3. Revised: We do hope that the policy will benefit all humanity / the human race.4. Revise

4、d: If you need the flight attendant for something, just push the call button.5. Revised: All along the way, we wondered whether we were making the right parenting decisions.6. Revised: To Whom It May Concern 。亡 Dear Sir/MadamActivity 2. Pre-reading questions1. Any language that excludes or stereotyp

5、es one gender is said to be gender-biased. Have you found any gender bias in Chinese? If you have, give some examples.Yes, I have. Chinese is generally believed to have features demonstrating male supremacy and female subservience. For example, in old times the husband of the family was addressed as

6、 相 公 or 官人 by the wife, which used to be honorifics for government officials or even prime ministers in feudal China, while the wife of the family was usually referred to as 糟糠，which literally means a distillers grains or a poor mans foodstuff, and 贱累 which denotes the females inferior and dependent

7、 place in the family. Another example is that most Chinese characters with the radical 女，such as 雄”“妖奴奸”婪妄，have a derogatory sense.2. Have you found any gender bias in English? If you have, give some examples.Paragraph 2 explains and illustrates the fact that some words in English are inherently bia

8、sed against women and that the English language generally reflects male supremacy and female subservience.2. Which is the topic sentence of Paragraph 3? (Paragraph 3)“This shows that the usage of many of the English words is also what contributes to the bias present in the English language.What do y

9、ou think of the two examples given in Paragraph 4? (Paragraph 4)The two examples, which are vivid and interesting, are closely related to the main idea of Paragraph 4, i.e. women are seen as passive while men are active and bring things into being.3. Which sentence in Paragraph 5 shows that gender c

10、onnotations in words affect peoples behavior? (Paragraph 5)The last sentence, It is also commonplace not to scold little girls for being tomboys but to scoff at little boys who play with dolls or ride girls bicycles.”Which sentences in Paragraph 6 denote the writers attitude? (Paragraph 6)”. but why

11、 use them when there are so many more to choose from?, and “It is also the most effective weapon of destruction.What are the words and expressions applied to describe the men and the women respectively? Are they all active? (Paragraph 2)The words applied to describe the men are as follows: glorified

12、”, “exalted, supremacy”, “honored, qualified” and “capable； The words and expressions applied to describe the women are as follows: service-oriented, being dominated and instructed and subservience”.No, they are not all active. The words and expressions applied to describe the men are active while t

13、he words for the women are passive.Words and Expressionsinherent a. used to describe sth. that is a natural part of sth. else and cannot be separated from it e.g. I am afraid that the problems you mention are inherent in the system.恐怕你提到的问题是这个系统固有的。Every business has its own inherent risks.每个企业都有其固有

14、的风险。Collocation:inherent inDerivations:inhere v.inherence n.Synonym:(补充)internalnativeintrinsicimmanentombudsman n. an independent official who has been appointed to investigate complaints that people make against the government or public organizations (新增)e.g. The leaflet explains how to complain t

15、o the banking ombudsman.传单解释了如何向银行申诉专员投诉。The Company will provide whatever assistance the Company can to the Financial Ombudsman Service and abide with their final decision.本公司将向财务申诉专员公署提供一切可能的协助，并遵从他们的最终决定Collocation:ombudsman systemParliamentary OmbudsmanNPC ombudsmanSynonym:ombudspersonidentify v

16、. show or prove who sb. is or what sth. is; recognize sb./sth. as being the specified e.g. He was too far away to be able to identify faces.他离得太远，认不出面孔。She identified the man as the attacker.她认出这名男子就是袭击者。Collocations:identify sth. with sth. else: consider sth. to be; the same as sth. elsee.g. One ca

17、nnot identify happiness with wealth.一个人不能把幸福与财富等同起来。Derivation:identifiable a.identity: .(补充)Comparisons: identify, differentiate (补充)identify recognize and correctly name someone or something 认出，识另U (某人或某物) differentiate recognize or express the difference between things or people 辨另Li， 区另ll1) Its

18、sometimes hard to one sample from another. (differentiate)2) The police took fingerprints and the body, (identified)exalted a. (formal) of high rank (新增)e.g. As soon as he was appointed director of the committee, he thought of himself as an exalted personage.他一被任命为委员会主任，就认为自己是个高尚的人物。You must decide

19、how to make the best use of your exalted position.你必须决定如何充分利用你的崇高地位。Derivation:exalt v.exalting a.exaltedly ad.exaltation n.Synonyms:magnificentnobleorient v; orientate; direct sb/s interest to sth; direct sth. at sb.; specially design sth. fbr sb.e.g. The teacher tried to orient his students toward

20、s the science subjects.老师试图引导学生学习理科。Our firm is oriented towards the export side of business.我们公司的业务已转向出口方面。The organization is strongly oriented towards research.这个组织非常注重研究。Collocation:be oriented to/towards/around sth./sb.Derivations:orientation n.oriented a.oriental a.Comparisons: oriented, orien

21、taloriented: giving a lot of time, effort, or attention to one particular thingoriental: relating to or from the eastern part of the world, especially China and Japan1) She has studied the cultures of countries, (oriental)2) A lot of the younger students dont seem to be politically at all. (oriented

22、)dominate v. control someone or something or to have more importance than other people or things (新增)e.g. The industry is dominated by five multinational companies.该行业由五家跨国公司主导。Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation.她那洪亮的声音完全主导了谈话。Derivation:dominant/dominated/dominating a.dominance/domin

23、ation n.Synonyms:possessregulatesupremacy n. position of the highest power, authority or statuse.g. Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere.自由意味着人权在任何地方都是至高无上的。Japans supremacy in the field of electronics is being challenged.日本在电子领域的霸主地位正受到挑战。Phrases:male supremacywhite supremacy 串1Sy

24、nonym:dominationsovereignty (补充)hegemonyCollocation:supremacy over sb./ sth.Derivation:supreme”.8. subservience n. the state of giving too much respect, obedience, etc. (新增) e.g. People should not be subjected to subservience to the economic system.人们不应该屈从于经济制度。A mother may demand subservience from

25、a daughter but not from a son. 一位母亲可能只要求女儿的奉承，而不是儿子的。Derivation:subservient a.Synonyms:subordinationdependencecourtdisparity difference or inequalitye.g. There is much disparity in age, rank, income and status between them.他们之间在年龄、地位、收入和地位上有很大的差距。A comparison of the two accounts revealed numerous di

26、sparities. 对这两种说法的比拟显示出许多差异。Collocation:disparity in/betweenTranslation:The rich and the poor live side by side, but their conditions are of extraordinary disparity.虽然富人和穷人住在一起，但他们的条件差距极为悬殊。Comparisons: disparity, difference (补充)disparity: a difference between two or more things, especially an unfai

27、r one (尤指不公正的)不同，差异difference: a way in which two or more people or things are not like each other 差异，差异1) There is very little between the parties on green issues. (difference)2) This report shows a between the rates of pay for men and women, (disparity)masculine (新增)1) /?. a gender that refers chi

28、efly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male Synonyms:mankindmalenessa. having qualities considered to be typical of men or of what men do； in some languages, a masculine noun, pronoun, or adjective has a different form from a feminine or neuter one, or behaves in a different

29、 way.e.g. She has a very masculine voice.她的声音很男性化。The word fbr book is masculine in French. 在法语中，book这个词是阳性的。Derivation:masculinity n.masculinize v.Synonyms:malepositivefeminine (新增)1) n. a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as femaleDerivation:femin

30、inity n.feminize v.2) a. having qualities that are considered to be typical of women, especially by being gentle, delicate, and pretty; in some languages, a feminine noun, pronoun, or adjective has a different form from a masculine or neuter one, or behaves in a different waye.g. Dianne loved pretty

31、 feminine things.黛安娜喜欢非常女性化的东西。Synonyms:femalenegativeperpetuate v. make a situation, attitude, etc., especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long timee.g. These measures will perpetuate the hostility between the two groups.这些举措会使双方的敌对持续。Derivation:perpetuation n.Exercise: Choose the best answ

32、er to the following sentence.(补充)We must not the religious divisions of the past.A continue B keep C perpetuate D retainKey : C9. wedv. (dated or journalistic) marry (新增)e.g. Men wed women, which is taken for granted.男人娶女人，这是理所当然的。We seldom say women wed men.我们很少说女人嫁给男人。Derivation:wedded a.wedding n

33、.Synonyms:marrygo to the worldvirginity; n. state of being a virgin; virgin condition; in an original or natural condition eg The woman writer kept her virginity throughout her life.这位女作家一生都保持着贞操。She never lost her virginity.她从未失去童贞。Derivation:（补充）Virgin n.la.Virginal a.10. enforce v.1） make sth. su

34、ch as a statement, an argument, a belief, etc. more forcefuleg Have any statistics that would enforce your argument?你有加强你论点的统计资料吗？2） make sth. such as law, rules, etc. effectivee.g. Governments make laws and the police enforce them.政府制定法律，警察执行法律。Martial law was enforced during the riot.在暴乱期间实行了戒严令。C

35、ollocations:enforce sth. on/against sth.enforce sth. on sbPhrase:（补充）Enforce a/the law/ban 执法Derivations:enforced a.enforceable aenforceability n.enforcement n.Synonym:（补充）strengthenperformactualizebe endowed with sth.: be provided naturally with any good quality or abilitye.g. The girl is endowed w

36、ith intelligence as well as beauty.这个女孩既有智慧又有美貌。He was endowed with the power of acute observation.他天生具有敏锐的观察力。Collocation:endow sb./sth. with sth.Derivations:endow v.endowment n.Synonym:(补充)be born withbe gifted withhave a talent forgenetics n. the study of heredity and how qualities and characteri

37、stics are passed on from one generation to another by means of genes (新增)e.g. Genetics is also bringing about dramatic changes in our understanding of cancer.遗传学也给我们对癌症的理解带来了巨大的变化。Derivations:genetic/genetical/genic a.genetically ad.geneticist n.Synonym:hereditismencode v. provide genetic informatio

38、n; (computing) put data into a coded form for processing by a computer (新增)e.g. The two parties encode confidential data in a form that is not directly readable by the other party.双方以另一方无法直接读取的形式对机密数据进行编码。We should encode the message for security reasons.出于安全考虑，我们应该对消息进行编码。Derivation:encoding n.Syno

39、nyms:codedecodegrace1) 71. (1) a smooth way of moving that looks natural, relaxed, and attractivee.g. Lena moved with the grace of a dancer.莉娜动作优雅得像个舞蹈演员。Synonym:gracefulness(2) polite and pleasant behaviore.g. The hotel maintains traditional standards of elegance, style, and grace.酒店保持着传统的优雅体面格调。Ph

40、rase:have the grace to do sth.e.g. He didnt even have the grace to apologize.他甚至没有抱歉的风度。2) v. make a place or an object look more attractivee.g. His portrait graces the wall of the drawing room.他的肖像使客厅的墙壁增色不少。Derivation:graceful a.gracefully ad.gracefulness n.11. unmerited。, not merited or deservede

41、.g. He received an unmerited honorary degree. 他获得了 一个不值得的荣誉学位。Nothing but contempt is due to those people who ask us to submit to unmerited oppression. 那些要求我们屈服于不应得的压迫的人只会受到蔑视。Antonyms:meriteddeservedconnotation n. a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meani

42、ng (新增)e.g. Its just one of those words thats got so many negative connotations.这只是那些有很多负面含义的词之一。We must understand the definition and connotation of style.我们必须理解风格的定义和内涵。Derivation:connotative a.connote v.Synonyms:implicationreminderAntonym:denotationyield v.1) bear, produce or provide (a natural p

43、roduct, result or profit)e.g. These trees no longer yield fruit.这些树不再结果子。2) show or produce sth. that was hidden or difficult to find, or that people did not know aboute.g. Our research has only recently begun to yield important results.我们的研究最近才开始取得重要成果。3) allow oneself to be forced or persuaded to

44、do sth. or stop having sth.(补充)e.g. The hijackers refuse to yield to demands to release the passengers.劫机者拒绝屈服于释放乘客的要求。Phrase:high-yielding/low-yieldinge.g. high-yielding cropsDerivations:yield n.yielding a.Synonym:（补充） bear produce provide generate give wayshrew儿 a very small animal like a mouse wi

45、th a long pointed nose; an unpleasant woman who always argues and disagrees with people （新增）Derivation:shrewish a.Synonyms: virago hellcatshrewd a. good at judging what people or situations are really like; well judged and likely to be right （新增） e.g. Malcolm is a shrewd businessman.马尔科姆是个精明的商人。Brid

46、get has a shrewd idea of what will sell. 布丽姬特很清楚什么东西会卖出去。Derivation:shrewdly ad.shrewdness n.Synonyms: clever subtle sharpvicious a. spiteful; with evil intentions; depraved; （of animals） savage and dangerous e.g. She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice.他声音里的恶毒使她感到震惊。There are many vicious

47、practices in society. 社会上有许多邪恶的行为。Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious. 离那条狗远点，它可能很凶。Phrase:vicious circle: a situation in which one problem causes another problem which then makes the first problem worseDerivation:viciousness n.Synonym:（补充）maliciouscruelviolentbrutalill-tempered a.（新增）1） easily made angry or impatienteg He tends to be ill-tempered day by day.他的脾气一天比一天坏。He sounded like an ill-tempered child.他听起来像个脾气暴躁的孩子。Derivation:ill temperSynonyms:bad-temperedchurlishornerycrabbyfussygrumpyan ill-tempered meeting, argument etc. is o