培根的《论学习》中英文对照.docx

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1、Of StudiesFrancis BaconStudies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one b

2、y one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.They perfect nature, and

3、 are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they tea

4、ch not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewe

5、d and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important论学习弗朗西斯培根

6、王佐良译 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅 彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才 也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别 枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好 学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文 采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究 故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不 足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然 后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不 以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书， 唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告 人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全 凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书 上所言，亦不可只为寻

7、章摘句，而应推 敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须 咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分 者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全 读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦 可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题 材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹 如水经蒸储，淡而无味。arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writi

8、ng an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural p

9、hilosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs

10、and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study

11、the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectors. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers1 cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使 人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特 强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书 者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使 人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄 重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所 学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书 使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜 之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸 肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此 类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演 题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如 不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆 吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一 物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如 此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。