第十三章+动词不定式+讲义+2023届高考英语语法专题一轮复习.docx
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1、第十三章动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种。它在句子中可以作除谓语以外的所有句子成分,如作主语、宾语、 表语、定语、状语和补语,而且有形式的变化。因其用法活,变化多,而成为高考题考查的重点和难点。 高考题几乎涵盖了动词不定式的全部考点。非谓语动词句法功能口诀不定式本领强,六种成分都能当: 动名词不示弱,主宾表定用得上: 两分词,互不让,表定状补争亮相。如下表所示:7用 种窕主宾表定状补不定式jVVJJJ动名词j分词一、动词不定式的句法功能(一)作主语动词不定式(to+动词原形)可以用作句子中的主语,这时谓语动词用单数。如:To say is easy, but to do is diffi
2、cult.说起来容易,做起来难。To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语不容易。To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country.承办奥运对于一个国家来说是一份丰 厚的奖赏。不定式作主语时,若带有宾语或状语,通常主语很长,这时常用il来代替它作形式主语,而将不定式 短语移到谓语之后作真实主语,以避免句子结构头重脚轻。如:It, s dangerous to drive very fast.开快车是危险的。It took us two hours to get there by bi
3、ke.骑自行车到那儿花了我两个小时。常见的带形式主语it的句型有:句型一:It is easy/difficu 1 t/hard/important/right/wrong/possib 1 e/ necessary/ foolish/ kind/to do*句型二:It is a pleasure/pity/pleasant thing/an honourto do.句型三:It lakes sb. some time/money to do(二)作宾语有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有:like, want, try, begin, decide, ask, forget, pr
4、omise, hope, love, offer, refuse, wish 等。如:Disney* s friends tried to encourage him.迪斯尼的朋友们努力鼓励他。He decided to buy some new clothes.他决定买些新衣服。He once refused to speak on the radio for $ 1,000 a minute.他曾经谢绝给他每分钟1, 000美元的广播演说。教你巧学巧记:巧记“动词+不定式”结构在英语中,某些及物动词只能跟动词不定式作为它的直接宾语,不能接动名词。为巧记这些动词中的 常用词,可用以下两个方法
5、来帮助联想记忆。1 .“磨豆腐总皿口令9”法 我们将中学课本中常见的这类动词的首写字母连起来,成为一 个缩略词MERDOWPH,当我们读出它的谐音“磨豆腐”时,也就自然地联想到此类只能接动词不定式作宾语 的动词:M=Mean(打算),E=Expect(期望),R=Refuse(拒绝),D=Decide(决定),0=0ffer(提出),W=Wish(愿 望),P=Promise(答应),Pretend(假装);H=Hope (希望)。2 . “Who ac(t)ed Mr. Flp?一一谁演Flp先生?”用这个句子来记只能接不定式作宾语的及物动词,亦可收到事半功倍之效。W=want, wish:
6、 H=hope, help: 0=offer; A=agree, arrange, aim: C=choose: E=expect; D=decide, demand, dare, determine, desire: M=manage;R=refuse; F=fail;L=long, learn; P=prevent, promise, plan。注意it也可作形式宾语不定式的主动形式在下面几种结构中常常可以表示被动意义。一、不定式用作定语,并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。1 .在there be+主语”中,不定式修饰主语。如:There is no time to lose. 一
7、点时间也不能浪费了。There are a lot of clothes to wash. 有许多衣服要洗。There is nothing to do at the moment.暂时无事可做。有时可以在不用“there be”的句子中修饰主语,表示被动意义。如:The greatest thing to remember is this.这就是首先要记住的事情。The homework to do is Ex. 4.要做的作业是练习4。2 .不定式修饰句中宾语,同时不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或句中的另一成分,即不定式和它修 饰的句中宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系,同时又和句子的主语或句中另一成分
8、在逻辑上是主谓关系。如:Most peop 1 e have some simi lar experience to remember.大多数人都有一些相似的体会值得记忆。 (不定式to remember和句子宾语experience在逻辑上是动宾关系,和句子主语Most people在逻辑上是 主谓关系。)r ve got my wife and little boys to look after.我有老婆孩子需照顾。(不定式 to 1 ook after 和句子宾语my wife and little boys在逻辑上是动宾关系,和句子主语I在逻辑上是主谓关系。)注意:不定式和句中主语或其
9、它成分如果不是逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式仍宜用被动形式。如:He described the black slaves to be sold at auction.他描写了那些被拍卖出售的黑人奴隶。We thought the meeting to be held very important.我们认为即将举行的会议很重要。3 .不定式修饰句中表语。如:Beethoven cannot have been an easy person to help.贝多芬克不是一个轻易接受别人帮助的人。These are my little children to bring up.这些就是我要抚养的小孩。T
10、he book is difficult to read.这本书很难读。He is not easy to get on well with.他不易相处。二、不定式作表语,并和句中主语是逻辑上的动宾关系。如:You were to blame.这该怪你。This house is to let.这些住宅出售。三、不定式的主动结构用来表示被动意义时,要注意以下三点:1 .不定式和它所修饰的词必须是逻辑上的动宾关系,如果是逻辑上的主谓关系,意义不是被动而是 主动。如:They have the ability to change things for the better.他们具有使事态好转的能力
11、。It s a picture to guide you.这是衣服可以指引你的图。2 .在同一场合,某些不定式可用主动形式或被动形式,但含义常有细微差别。主动形式经常带有一 定的情态意义,如可能、必要、应该等,而被动形式则不带情态意义。例如:There is nothing to see.没有什么值得看的。(指没有东西可看)There is nothing to be seen.什么也看不见,(指没有东西被看见)This is the man to send(=that should be sent).这就是应该派去的那个人。This is the man to be sent(=that i
12、s accordance with our plan will be sent).这就是要派去 的那个人。(按计划要派去的人)3 .如果不丁式与其逻辑主语或被修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,而不定式中的动词是不及 物动词或虽是及物动词,而其本身已经带行宾语的,则不定式后应加一个合适的介词。例如:误:I have no paper to write.正:I have no paper to write on.误:I need a chair to sit.正:I need a chair to sit on.误:The house is large enough to hold a meet
13、ing.正:The house is large enough to hold a meeting in.有些动词后面跟有复合宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,而把作真实的宾语一一不定式放在宾语补足语之 后。常见的这类动词有:find(发现),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得),make(使得)等。如:The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.大气中的尘埃使人难以获取 太空清晰的图像。He found it important to study the situation in Rus
14、sia.他觉得研究俄国的形势很重要。(三)作宾语补足语与主语补足语不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构,作动词的宾语,称为复合宾语,不定式作复:合宾语中的宾语 补足语。这可以分为三种情况。L带to的不定式作宾语补足语要求用这种结构的常见的动词有:advise, al low, ask, beg, cause, cal 1 on, consider, drive, encourage, expect, force, gel, hale, invite, know, I ike, love, teach, obi ige, order, persuade, permit, request, requ
15、ire, tell, want, warn, wish 等。如:The villagers did not allow them to do this.村民们不许他们这样做。I shall have to ask her to leave the company.我只好请她离开这个公司。2 .不带to的不定式作宾语补足语要求用这种结构的常见的动词有:make, let, have, hear, watch, notice, feel, see等。如: They talked until they heard her uncle return home.他们一直谈到听见她叔父回来。Please
16、let me stay in the company. Lk我在公司呆下去吧。The owners of slaves made them work very hard on their farms.奴隶主迫使他们在农场里卖力地劳动。注意:当上述动词在用于被动句时,原来省略了的动词不定式符号“t。”要再重新加上。如:3 .在help后带to或不带to都可You must help me do the cooking this afternoon.今天下午你必须帮我做饭。Will you help me plant this tree, please?你愿意帮我种这棵树吗?当含有复合宾语的句子由
17、主动语态变为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。如:Why is potato thought to be a very useful plant?为什么马铃普被认为是种非常有用的作物?This book was considered to be an important summary of the knowledge of farming. 这本书被认为是农业知识方面很重要的一份总结。教你巧学巧记:to 离不定式作某些及物动词的宾语补足语须省略to,而作主语补足语时必须恢更to。这种现象可总结为 口诀:不定式作宾补,下列动词to省去:五看、三使役,二听一感半帮助。若是宾补变主补,
18、to字面目要恢复。五看: see, watch, notice, observe, look at.如:I saw him leave the room.我看见他离开了房间。They watched ihe sun set behind the trees.他们看着太阳在树后面落下去。Did you notice me 1 eave the house?你有没有注意到我离开那栋房子?I looked at him jump.看着他跳的。三使役:let, make, have.如:She lets her children stay up very late.她让孩子呆得很晚不睡觉。The la
19、ndlord made the farmhands work long hours.那地主强迫长工长时间劳动。The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father.士兵们让他背对着他父亲站着。二听: hear, listen to.如:We often hear her sing.我们常听见她唱歌。Please listen to me sing a song.请听我唱支歌。一感:feel,如:Did you feel the earth move?你感到地震动了吗?半帮助:help。指动词不定式作help的宾语补足语时,可带I。,也可不
20、带I。如:Will you help me(to)find my pen?请帮我找找钢笔,好吗?以上句子若是变为被动句,则宾语补足语变成主语补足语,并且不定式符号“I。”要恢复。如:He was seen to 1 eave the room.The farmhands were made to work long hours.She was heard to sing in the next room.(四)作定语动词不定式作定语时,可被修饰词之间除了修饰关系,还有其它逻辑上的关系。这些逻辑关系,在不 定式转换为从句后更加清楚。现分述如下:1)主谓关系被修饰词是动词不定式行为的执行者。如:1
21、. China was the first country to invent rockets. (=the first country that invented rockets.) 中国是第一个发明火箭的国家。2. This is the best book on English to appear this year.这是今年出版的有关英语的最好的书。2)动宾关系被修饰词是动词不定式行为的承受者,执行者通常是句r的主语或泛指任何人。如:1. They still have a lot of difficulties to overcome. (= difficulties which t
22、hey have to overcome.)他们仍有许多困难要克服。2. In this area there is no natural lake to us as a store of “ater.本地区没有我们可作贮 水用的天然湖。3. 动状关系不定式作定语,而被修饰的词是表示地点、时间、工具、手段、方式、方法等词时,两者之间往往有动状关系。如:1. The time to relay the signal is 18:45. (=time at which you should relay)转发信号的时 间是十八点四十五分。2. I have no pen to write with.
23、 我没有笔写字。3. 同位关系动词不定式所修饰的词为aim, conclusion, effort, prob 1 em, promise, task之类的抽象名词时、两者之间往往是同位关系。动词不定式有时可以用that引导的同位语从句替换。如:1. The boy made a promise not to make the same mistake again, (=promised that he would not make)男孩提出保证,他不再犯同样的错误。2. His effort to understand the motion of falling objects soon b
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