专题24 阅读理解之说明文类-2023年高考英语一轮复习《考点题型技巧》精讲与精练高分突破系列（通用）（原卷版）.docx

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1、专题24阅读理解之说明类考点题型技巧号考向分析所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明 的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的, 在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说 明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说 明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事 理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的 前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果：人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面

2、的经典。由于阅读 理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对 比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明 文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同-词的不同词性的用 法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言 特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以 及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。四笈考点导航考点01细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命 题，如用 f

3、irst(ly)、second(ly)、third。y)finally、not only.bul also.、hen、in addition 等表 示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案 项。在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as for example for instance等引导的短语或句 子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在转折对比处命题，一般通过 however、but、yet、in fact 等词语来引导。对比用 unlike、until not so muchas 等词语引 导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在

4、比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、 偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地 排除干扰。在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要3、Calling someone a “birdbrain” is considered rude. It implies that someone has a small brain and thus is not smart. A new study found that the expression doesnt do birds justice either: Birds brains a

5、re much bigger than we thought at least compared to their small bodies.An international team of 37 scientists measured the brain volume （脑容量）of hundreds of dinosaurs and extinct birds by scanning fossils of their skulls. The readings were compared to a large database containing the brain sizes of mo

6、dem birds. These measurements were then analyzed, taking into consideration each birds body size resulting in something called “relative brain size”. The results showed that a dramatic change of birds body size happened right after the mass extinction of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.According to t

7、he study, published on April 23 in the journal Current Biology, birds and dinosaurs had similar brain sizes before the extinction. After the extinction of the dinosaurs, however, birds had to find a way to survive, so they shrank their bodies since smaller animals need less food bul they kept their

8、big brains.“The changed landscape may have caused the rapid evolution of new brainbody scaling patterns （缩放比例）by favoring both larger brains and smaller bodies,“ US paleontologist （古生 物学家）Daniel Ksepka. who is the lead author of the study, told CNN.This evolutionary brain leap“ 一 as scientists call

9、it also happened very rapidly. Without dinosaurs, birds quickly repopulated. They came in all types and sizes, which contributed to the diverse species of birds we see today.But among all the bird species, certain ones “show above average rates of brain and body size evolution，study co-author Adam S

10、mith at Clemson University, US, said in a statement with crows and parrots being the most evident. In fact, previous studies have already discovered that these birds have an amazing cognitive capacity （认知能力）.They are able to use tools, imitate human speech and even remember human faces.So, in the wo

11、rds of Smith, calling someone *birdbrained is actually quite a compliment （恭 维）”！13. How did the scientists learn （he brain sizes of dinosaurs and extinct birds?A. By studying their fossil skulls.C. By experimenting on their brains.B. By searching the database.D. By analyzing their body size.14. How

12、 did the birds change after the extinction of the dinosaurs?A. The birds bodies shrank as their brains became smaller.B. The birds5 bodies became larger while their brains became smaller.C. The birds brains remained almost the same as their bodies shrank.D. The birds* brains became larger to adapt t

13、o the environment.15. According to Adam Smith, calling someone 4tbirdbrained is.A. to make rude remarksB. to laugh at ones small body sizeC. to praise ones intelligenceD. to suggest the person is not smart16. What is the purpose of this text?A. To describe how birds evolution happened.B. To explain

14、the origin of the word birdbrain”.C. lb show the amazing abilities of bird species.D. To present the latest study on birds brain size.4、Smart phones, tablets, fitness trackers, headphones and most of the electronic devices we use today are made of metal, plastic and glass. But electronics dont have

15、to be. Sala de Medeiros and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary piece of paper into a simple electronic keypad. Many teams around the world arc working on paper-based electronics. But this new device is diilerent from any other device. Its the first to power itself and also resist water a

16、nd dust. The users touch gives it all the power it needs to run.No single moment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working on. Then she discovered that high cost was a problem with some flexible electronics. So she decided to work with low-cost mate

17、rials.Teflon（聚四氟乙烯）is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar com-pounds（复合物）can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing the chemical but （he one that was sup-posed to do the best job didnt work at all. After some research, Sala de Medeiros found out iha

18、l this chemical reacts with air. She had lo buy special equipment that forbade any air getting in （he way. Now, the chemical works as planned. Then the team placed a stencil（钢板）with the shape of a circuit（电路）onto the back of （he paper and sprayed on several layers of materials. Finally, the team fli

19、pped over the paper and printed a keypad of numbers onthe other side. They also added a tiny Bluetooth chip, which let their paper device talk to a computer. The source of electricity comes from the tap of a finger. When youre typing we can create the energy by touching or rubbing.The electronic key

20、pad is regular paper most people could afford but wouldnt easily get wet or dirty. It also should fit in your pocket.I. Which of the following is the unique feature of the new device?A. Its the first device made of paper.C. It gets powered through touch.2. Why did Teflon fail to work at first?A. It

21、was exposed to the air.C. It damaged the equipment.B. 1（ has little electricity or metal.D. It has no trouble cleaning itself.B. It was of low quality.D. It kept food stuck to pots.3. What is the third paragraph mainly about?A. The process of creating the device.B. The significance of the research.C

22、. The application of the device.D. The way to develop Teflon.4. Which of the following can replace the underlined words flipped over” in Para. 3?A. Cleaned up. B. Cut up.C. Held onto.D. Turned over.5.An artwork jointly created by a robot and a human artist will go on sale this week. The artwork know

23、n as an NFT is to be sold during an online auction （拍卖）on Tuesday. NFT stands tbr non-fungible token. It is a piece of art that only exists on a computer technology known as blockchain （M 块链）.NFTs can exist in the form of images, video, music and text. They are usually bought with electronic money.

24、While anyone can view NFTs, the buyer has official ownership rights over the objects. NFTs have recently been growing in popularity among investors and collectors. Earlier this month, an artwork in the form of an NFT sold for nearly $70 million.The piece to be sold this week was a cooperative effort

25、 between a human-like robot, known as Sophia, and Italian artist Andrea Bonaceto. The company behind Sophia, Hanson Robotics, says （he auction will be the first sale of a piece jointly created by a human artist, a robot and artificial intelligence （AI）, The artwork, called “Sophia Instantiation, is

26、a 12-second video file. It combines online and physical paintings from Sophia with elements （要素）from Bonacetos work.The artwork also includes influences from art history.The digital artwork will come with a physical artwork created by Sophia on a printed copy of the online piece. The online auction

27、is to be held by a company called Nifty Gateway. After the sale, Sophia will meet with the buyer to study his or her face, before aciding a final element to the artwork. Sophias creator, David Hanson, said this part of the project will permit the new owner to have an unusual “personal connection to

28、the artwork.Bonaceto said he hopes his collaboration with Sophia will “make a statement in the art world, and even the technology world” about the way robots and humans can cooperate in the future.Sophias art could be “a very, very important historical piece”, said Pablo Fraile, a Miami-based art co

29、llector and expert in NFTs. Its the first time these ideas have been put together/ he said.21. The authors main purpose in writing paragraph 2 is to.A. explain the value of different forms of NFTs(each readers how to buy NFTs with electronic moneyB. provide readers with some information about NFTsad

30、vise readers to collect or invest in NFTs22. What can we know about Sophia Instantiation?A. It is the first NFT artwork to be sold.B. It is a physical artwork created by Sophia.C. It is an artwork with elements from art history.D. It is the first artwork created by a robot and ALWhat is Pablo Fraile

31、s attitude towards Sophia Instantiation?A. Positive.B. Uncaring.C. Opposed.D. Skeptical.23. What can be the best title for the text?A. An NFT Will Gain High Popularity Among InvestorsMore NFTs Will Be Created by Humans and RobotsB. Sophia Will Be Necessary in Creating Online ArtworksOnline Artwork T

32、hat Robot Helps Create Will Be Sold 6、We already know that salt can lead to heart disease. But could it also affect our mind?Scientists found that a high-salt diet caused cognitive impairments in mice and it could produce the same effect on humans.Costantino ladecola, director of the Feil Family Bra

33、in and Mind Research the Institute, said they fed the mice eight to sixteen times their normal salt intake and then tested the mice. After about three months, the mice had a big change in their behavior. Mice arc very curious, and they like to look for new things. However, the tested mice lost the a

34、bility to identify a normal object. When the mice were put in their cage and asked to find a quiet spot, they did not remember where the quiet spot was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is something the mice do daily, they, were unable to do so. The research suggested humans would expe

35、rience a similar response.Studies have shown Australians eat around double the recommended amount of salt each day, most of it coming from processed food. Dr. Ladecola said the estimated two teaspoons of salt the average Australian cats each day could affect the brain function in the long term. Howe

36、ver, the decline might not be as obvious as in the mice, who were given extremely high levels of salt. But probably over years and perhaps decadesas opposed to a few months for the mouseeven lower levels of salt may have a terrible effect/ Dr ladecola said.“High levels of salt cause serious immune c

37、hanges in the organs in and around the stomach, resulting in an almost autoimmune effect on the brain. It is part of a growing body of evidence that wc really arc what wc cat,44 Bryce Visscl, director of the Centre for Ncuroscicncc at the University of Technology Sydney, said. Those changes in turn

38、cause all sorts of responses in the body, which over time certainly contribute (o cognitive impairments.Which can describe the tested mice?A. They remained quiet all day.C. They forgot some routine things.10. What do we know about Australians?A. They ignore health advice.C. They dislike processed fo

39、od.11. Whal does the last paragraph mainly fbcus A. Studies earned out by Bryce Vissel.C. Effects of daily diets on human behaviors.12. What does the text suggest?B. They became smarter than ever.D. They were quick at finding objects.B. They have a higher-salt diet.D. They value their brain health.o

40、n?B. Immune changes brought about by sail.D. Links between salt intake and brain damage.A. Brain health counts much.B. The body never tells a lie.C. Low-salt diet is to be advocated.D. Heart diseases can be prevented.7、Bioprinting is the medically and bio-technologically equal to 3D printing. By usi

41、ng the same principles, the aim is to rapidly develop living structures similar to human-grown organs and （issue that can he used to heal people or test new drugs.Of course, printing biological tissue is much more complex than building a mechanical part. There are complex layers of cells in living t

42、issue. Bioprinters use bioink made from cells, biochemical nutrients and biological stands to support cells in an exact order. Bioinks have to operate under conditions that arc suitable for living, growing tissue, so they cannot really be printed at temperatures that top body temperature.Perhaps the

43、 simplest form of bioprinting is inkjet printing. Bioink is sprayed through tiny tubes so it has to he almost liquid and this limits the biological materials that can be printed. Most 3D printers operate by squeezing material through a pipe and bioprinters can use squeezing too, though care has to b

44、e taken not to damage cells through extreme force. Other techniques such as laser-assisted bioprinting or electrospinning （静电纺丝）are incredibly exact and can be used with thicker bioinks, but they are more tricky to use with living cells and not as rapid or able to create large quantities of tissue.O

45、nce the bioprinter has done its work, the post-processing stage begins. Bioreactor systems are often employed to help the tissue grow up. They can be used to copy the forces and biochemical support that tissue needs to grow and differentiate correctly.Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but th

46、e results so far are encouraging. Stem cells, which have the potential to turn into several types of cells, are being used to create bone. Organ printing can improve the health of society in general by wiping out the problem of diseases caused by organ failure, costly treatments and social care. Tha

47、t promise may be years away from realization but rapid prototyping （原型技术）enabled by bioprinting is pushing medical advances forward at pace.29. What does the underlined word “they in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Cells.B. Bioinks.C. Nutrients.D. Biological stands.30. What should we pay attention to when u

48、sing bioprinting?A. The sort of human organs.B. The thickness of bioinks.C. The force of squeezing.D. The order of cells.31. What can we infer from the 3rd and 4th paragraphs?A. The process of bioprinting is practical.B. Bioreactor systems tend not to damage cells.C. Most 3D printers limit the biological materials.D. Laser-assisted bioprinting can produce much tissue.32. Which is the suitable title for the passage?A. Bioprinting Cures People of DiseasesBioprinting is Similar to 3D PrintingB. Bioprinting Gets Care from SocietyBioprinting Has Much Potential8、Adulting is ha