01 议论类语篇的特征及攻略-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版).docx

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1、备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识十语篇能力双清（通用版）议论类语篇的特征及解答攻略一、议论文的文体分析议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解, 或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务 对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据 等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。议论文文章类型演绎论 证议论文是

2、从己知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般 先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。归纳论 证议论 文是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出 它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。比较论 证议论 文是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性 质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法 是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。命题要点由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据 文章内容

3、归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。解题技 巧1 .演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓 住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。2 .归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。3 .比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。According to the passage, when （where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.）?（2）干扰项：范围过大、过小：偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确

4、的。阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项（或其中某一项）的理解，那么我们就说选项 A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在”花与”玫瑰两选项中，正确答 案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰。正反项原则所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。 所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。 委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。 这些选项一般含有不十分肯定

5、或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend （o 等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往 不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already 等等。 同形项原则命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语

6、言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能 力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。常识项原则议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。因果项原则阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选 项中，有的选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启 示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的 其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以时应几个原因，那么答案就是果。

7、 解题方法：原文定位法。查读法：带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。细心！3.词义猜测型阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年中考阅读中词义猜测题的考 查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现个需猜测其意义的词或 短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外

8、，分号(；)也可以 表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，”有因必有果，有果必有因。 根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟 词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其 中it和that还可以指一件事。(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如bu

9、t, however, otherwise等可以看到前后句在意 义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，”有因必有果，有果必有因。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也 可以找出原因。(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。常见的问题形式有：(1 )Thc word . in Line . mcans/can be best replaced by .(2)As used in the passage, th

10、e phrase . suggests.(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence is/refers to /means.(4)The word . is closest in meaning to .常用应对方法：同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或。r,它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此 可以推测词义。反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(

11、从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。做题要领从文中找线索或信息词；(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思、。(4)要特别注意熟词新意！【典例示例】For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-

12、teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents point of view, the only cau

13、se of their fight is (heir adolescenls, complete unreasonableness. And of course,【he leens see ii in exactly ihe same way, excem opDOsitely. Both feel trapped.56.Wha( does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.B. The teens agree with their

14、 parents on the cause of the conflict.C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.解析：本文首先提出论点：对很多家长来说，抚养孩子就像打一场长期战争一样，没有赢家。第二段 提到“战争”之长的原因：互不服气。抓住关键词：from the parents point of view; and of course, the teens, the same way。再结合题支的

15、表述，答案为A。4.推理判断型做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，乂要求学生对作者的态度、意 图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题 方式有：(I )Thc passage implies (暗示)that.(2)We can conclude (得出结论)from the passage that.(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)？(4)What is the tone (语气)of the author?(5)What is the purpose (目的

16、)of this passage?(6)The passage is intended to.(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?【典例示例】Ask someone what they have done to help (he environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle

17、 often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999

18、and 2020. It now makes up a third of a typical households waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show.A. (he tendency of cutting household wasteB. (he increase of packaging recyclingC. (he

19、rapid growth of super marketsD. the fact of packaging overuse解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式“，but it would be far better if we”引出了论 点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论点。因此 选择D项。【典例示例】Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up

20、 a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of common problems with making excuses is (hat people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is “good even if it isnt honest, then where is the

21、place of (he truth?54. What is the authors opinion about a good excuse?A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对“a good

22、 excuse”的怀疑态 度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。力强化一、阅读理解1Born in the 2000s, what do you think of your generation （一代人）？ Young, creative, connected, global, smart, maybe good-looking? But what do other people think about your generation?Some adults worry that youre more interested in the phone than the world around yo

23、u. They see you as the 4tfacc-down gcncration and wonder how you will deal with school, friends, and family. Arc todays teenagers too busy texting and taking selfies （自拍）lo become successful in real life or IRL”, as you would say?Other adults worry that todays youth are spoiled and dont want to face

24、 the challenges of adult life. Many children bom in the 1990s and 2000s were raised by “helicopter parents” who were always there to do everything for them. So todays young people seem to prefer lo live like teenagers even when they are in their 20s or 30s.Does （he face-down generation need a heads-

25、up? Well, probably not. The fact is that many of todays teenagers are better educated and more creative than past generations. They also seem to be willing to become leaders. More young people than ever volunteer to serve their coninninitics. There arc also brave young people such as Malala Yousafza

26、i, the teenager who won the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize for pushing girls rights to go to school.So if you arc one of them born in the 2000s, theres reason to be hopeful about the fiiturc. Things arc looking up for the face-down generation.1. How did （he writer lead the readers to the passage?A. By showi

27、ng his ideas.B. By asking questions.C. By describing the situation.D. By comparing different examples.2. Why are the young people bom in the 2000s called face-down generation”？A. Because they are always busy with homework with their heads down.B. Because they arc not closely connected to the people

28、around them.C. Because they spend too much time on computers.D. Because they show great interest in the phone and use it too much.3. What does the underlined word “spoiled“ probably mean?A.宠坏的B.胆小的C.吝啬的D.鲁莽的In the writers eyes, todays teenagersA. are not creative because of the educational problem.B

29、. are willing to take part in many social activities.C. are growing up more slowly （han before.D. are smarter and more good-looking than their parents.4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Mobile phones arc harmfill to teenagers* growth and development.B. Teenagers dont need themselves to chang

30、e to meet adults standards.C. Although the young people have some problems, their future is full of hope.D. Teenagers shouldnt text or take selfies to become successfiil.2Last night, a school night, my i 1 -year old sons baseball team played a game that lasted until 9: 30. By the time we got home an

31、d he had a quick dinner and shower, it was 10: 30an hour and a half later than a child who gets up at 6:30 should be going to bed. We love baseball. My son is having fun, getting exercise, and learning patience （而寸心、）,teamwork and sports spirit. But the truth is that the game also influences his sle

32、ep.As parents, wc want good things for our children. We want them to be healthy both in body and in mind. So we look for ways to help our kids grow and develop. For example, we encourage our kids to take honors courses（培 优课程）or to have aftcr-school jobs. And wc praise them for hard-earned （来之不易的）suc

33、cess and achievements.However, the irony （讽刺）is that all of these activities and responsibilities that we are giving our children to make, responsibilities and goals are good. But if we want our kids to realize （heir full physical, learning and social ability.Parents make bedtime routines （计戈ij） and

34、 carry out strict rules about night time. But in fact these measures （措施）arent enough because getting our kids enough sleep isnt just about carrying out stricter bedtime. It actually requires more than that.In order to make sure that our kids get the sleep they need, both parents and schools should

35、make an effort.5. What can we leani from the writers sons story in Paragraph 1?A. It,s never too old to leam.B. Where there is a will, there is a way.C. East or west, home is best.D. Every coin has two sides.6. How does the writer show how parents help their kids grow and develop in Paragraph 2?A. W

36、ith some pictures. B. With some examples.C. With some studies. D. With some numbers.7. What can we know about the writers son according to the passage?A. He used to go to sleep at 10: 30 p.m.B. He used to play baseball every night.C. He cant get enough sleep.D. His parents dont have strict rules abo

37、ut nighttime.8. What would be probably talked about in the fifth paragraph?A. Measures parents and schools should take.B. Ways to develop skills of playing baseball.C. Reasons for kids to sleep well at night.D. Advantages fbr kids to sleep well at night.3From an early age, we were taught that if we

38、wanted to he successful, we had to study hard and get good results at school. In fact, good students may just end up doing jobs they dont like, and some even lead an unhappy life. Why is it like that?In some parents eyes, school grades matter most fbr their kids. In fact, there are many things to co

39、nsider besides the school subjects, for example, how to be a happy person, what to do to keep healthy, and how to get along well with others. That is to say. school is not just enough if you want to have a great life.Doing well in school is different from doing well in life. Studies show that people

40、 who failed at school may not end up failing in life. You may have already known that some famous people, like Thomas Edison and Steve Jobs, didnt do very well at school or even failed to finish school. In reality, there are a lot more than just the big shots who arc successful in life without finis

41、hing school. They catch every chance to learn and finally make it to the top.Life is really a long lesson, so long that you cant define（界定）a persons success by just one section（部分）of it. If you have already finished school, keep learning because what you have learned at school will never be enough t

42、o live a satisfying life. If you are still studying, whether you are good or bad at school, dont take your school results loo seriously as long as you have put your heart into it. Keep learning （o make （he most of your lalenls（天 赋）.Thats how you can live a happy and successful life.9. All good stude

43、nts end up doing jobs they dont like.A. 4.B. x.C. I dont know.10. In some parents eyes, whats the most important fbr their kids based on Paragraph Two?A. Being happy.B. Staying healthy.C. Getting good grades.11. What does the underlined expression big shots in the third paragraph mean?A.大子弹B.神枪手C.大人

44、物According to the passage, which statement may agree with the writers idea?A. It takes money to be successful.B. School grades arent everything.C. Successful people never finish school.12. What can wc infer（推断）from the text?A. Old habits die hard.B. Learning is a lifelong journey.C. Good grades alwa

45、ys mean a successful life.4“Wc said no to the invitation to the birthday party because my child says theyre not even friends.When I read the above words, I felt heartache.I know birthday parties can be like a trouble, but let,s believe the parents who sent that invitation werent trying to get more g

46、ifts for their kids or make things more complicated.For some kids, managing school and friends is easy. Maybe you have a child whos outgoing, self-confident or maybe you have a child who doesnt have any problems. However, fbr some kids, school and friends can be very difficult.A birthday party is a

47、fun, exciting and good opportunity. It is a chance for the kid on the sidelines to play with other kids who dont play with hinVhcr at school or who dont call him/her a friend.Sometimes even when the birthday party and the theme have been decided on and the difficult decision about whom to invite has

48、 been made, there can still be doubts. Those invitations can stay untouched in the bottom of the childs backpack fbr days, because he/she is too scared to hand them out.I don,t know your child, and I dont know you. I do know there are parents who lie awake at night wondering if their child will have the courage to hand out the invitations in the morning; I do know there are parents who hope they can depend on other parents to