高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结.pdf

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1、.高中化学方程式总结目录第一局部金属一碱金属钠1钾2锂3二常见金属镁3铝3铁3三其他金属锰4铜4钙5钡5铅锌55铍5汞5第二局部卤族元素、氮族元素一卤族元素氟5第一局部 金属一、碱金属1.钠NaNa4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+SNa2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)4NaCl+TiNaNa2 2O ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2Ojz*

2、氯6甲苯12溴6二烃的衍生物碘6溴乙烷12二氮族元素乙醇12氮6苯酚13磷7乙醛13砷8乙酸14乙酸乙酯15第三局部碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素三糖类、油脂、蛋白质碳8葡萄糖15硅8蔗糖、麦芽糖15二氧族元素氧8淀粉、纤维素15油脂16硫9氨基酸16第四局部 有机反响一烃第五局部离子反响17甲烷10乙烯11第六局部电极反响方程式20乙炔11苯11第七局部热反响方程式22Na2O2+2Na2Na2O(此反响用于制备 Na2O)2Na2O2+2H2O 4NaOH+O2NaOH+H2(此 反 响 分 两 步Na2O2+2H2O2O2；2H2O22H2O+O2。H2O的制备可利用类似的反响)22Na2

3、O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOHNaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量)+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)2NaOH+Al2O32NaAlO2+H2O-2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)NaHS+H

4、2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl2NaPONaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O53+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlONaAlO2 22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO33NaAlO、NaClONaClO2+AlCl、3+6HNaBrNaBr2O4Al(OH)、NaINaI3NaClNaClNaCl+H2SO4(浓)NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaC

5、l+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PONaHCONaHCO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HINaNa2 2COCO3 3、3 3Na高温2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH)3+3CO2NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3

6、Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNONaNO3 3、NaNONaNO2 22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H(浓)+NaNO2SO43NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+NNaNa2+2H2O3 3POPO4 4、NaHNaH2 2POPO4 4、NaNa2 2HPOHPO4 4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaCl-NaH2PO、NaHSNaHS4+HC

7、lH3PO4+NaClNaNa2 2S SNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SNaNa2 2SOSO4 4、NaNa2 2SOSO3 3、NaNa2 2S2OS2O3 33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONaNa2 2SiOSiO3 3NaC C2SiO3+2HClH2S

8、iO3+2NaClC6 6H HH5 5ONaONa65ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾K KK+O2KO22K+2H2O2KOH+H2K K2 2O O、K K2 2O O2 2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOHKOH2KOH+CO2K2CO3+H2OKOH+COK K2KHCO32 2COCO3 3K2CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCOKHCO3 3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2

9、+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClOKClO3 32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKIKI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SOKAl(SO4 4)2 2-word.zl-2KAl(SO4)2+6NaOHK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)32KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSKS3KS+FeCl3Fe(S)3+3KClKHKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.锂LiLiLi+O2Li2O二、常

10、见金属1.镁MgMg2Mg+O点燃22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+Cl点燃2MgCl22Mg+CO点燃22MgO+CMg+SMgSMg+Br2MgBr2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)MgCl2+2RbMgOMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH)2Mg(OH)Mg(OH)2 2Mg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgCOMgCO3 3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH)2+CO2MgCOCO32+M

11、gOMg(HCOMg(HCO3 3)2 2Mg(HCO3)2+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2+CO2+H2OMgSOMgSO4 4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2Mg(OH)2+BaSO4-2Li+2HLiLi O O2O2LiOH+H22 2Li2O+CO2Li2CO3LiLiOHLiOH2O+H2O2LiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3LiLi2 2COCO3 3Li2CO3+2HCl2LiCl+COLiHCOLiHCO2+H2O3 3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO3Li2CO3+CO2+H

12、2OMgSO4+2NaOHMg(OH)2+Na2SO42.铝AlAlAl+3O点燃22Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO高温2Al22O3+3Mn2Al+Cr O高温23Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe高温2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO2AlClAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe 在冷、浓的 H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2

13、+3H2AlAl2 2O O3 3、Al(OH)Al(OH)3 3Al2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物)Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O铝盐铝盐AlCl3+3NaOHAl(OH)3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4Cl-word.zl-2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO

14、3Al(OH)3+3CO2AlClAl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH)32(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3HAl4Al(OH)2S4C3+12H2O3+3CH43.铁FeFe2Fe+3Cl点燃22FeCl33Fe+2O点燃2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H O(g)高温2Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(浓)Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)Fe

15、SO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2CuCu+(CH3COO)2FeFeOFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O2Fe23O4FeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeFe2 2O O3 3Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22F

16、e+3H2O(制复原铁粉)三、其他金属1.锰KMnOKMnO4 4-Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFeFe3 3O O4 4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)Fe(OH)2 2、Fe(OH)Fe(OH)3 34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeClFeCl2 22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe+MgCl2FeClFeCl3 32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2FeCl3+H2SO

17、3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH)3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe(OH)3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H+3KS2SO4BaSOFe(S)4+2HClFeCl33+3KClFeSFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+

18、11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H H2 2FeOFeO4 44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其它其它 FeFe 化合物化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反响)2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O-word.zl-2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2OMnO

19、MnO2 2MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.铜CuCu2Cu+O2CuO22Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOHCu(OH)2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2Cu(OH)2+BaSO43.钙CaCa

20、CaO+H2OCa(OH)2CaO+SiO高温2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCOSO3+2HNO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2(用 HNOH3和浓24不能制备 H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等复原性气体)CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓)CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)CaH2+2H2

21、OCa(OH)2+2H24.钡BaBaBa(OH)2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)Ba(HCO3)2-Ba(OH)2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO4)2+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO3)2+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)5.铅PbPb、PbOPbO2 2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓)PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐铅盐Pb(

22、NO3)2+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)Zn(OH)2 2Zn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBeBe+2HClBaCl2

23、+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH)2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞-word.zl-HgHg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+4H2O第二局部 卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F FF2 22F2+H22HF2+2H2O4HF+OHFHF24HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2O2.氯ClCl2 2Cl2+H22HCl(光照或点燃)Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+

24、2FeCl22FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S2NaCl+SCl2+H2S2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2OHCl+HClOCl2+H2O22HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)+6KOH(热、浓2CaCl)2+Ca(ClO)5KCl+KClO2+2H2O3Cl23+3H2OHClHCl6HCl+2Al2AlCl3+3H22HCl+FeFeCl2+H24HCl(浓

25、)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO42KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O72KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3NH4Cl(白烟)2HCl+FeOFeCl2+3H2O-Hg+4HNO3(浓)Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O6HCl+Fe2O32FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3NaH

26、CO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴BrBr2 2Br2+H2BrFeBr2HBr2+Fe3Br2+2FeBr22FeBr3Br2+NaINaBr+I2Br2+HIHBr+I2Br2+H2OHBr+HBrOBr2+NaOHNaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2SS+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBrHBr+NaOHNaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl22HCl+Br24.碘I I2 2I2+H22HII2+FeFeI2I2

27、+2NaOHNaI+NaIO+H2OHIHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl22HCl+I2HI+NaOHNaI+H2O-word.zl-二、氮族元素1.氮N N2 2N催化剂2+3H2高温高压2NH3N2+O22NON点燃2+3MgMg3N2N2+6Na2Na3NNONO、NONO2 2、N N2 2O O5 52NO+O22NO2NO+NONO2+2NaOH2NaNO和 NO2用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的26NO+4NH3催化剂5N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2ONO+I2+2KOH不能用淀粉 KI 溶液鉴别溴蒸气和 NO24NO2+H2S4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2SO3+NO3N

28、O2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3HNOHNO3 33HNO3+Ag3PO4H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO26HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(N

29、O3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解)NH备 H3+HNO3NHHBr4NO、(SO3(白烟)(用 HNO3和浓 H2SO4不能制2S、HI、2)3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O5HNO3(浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2O-P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)

30、3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2ONHNH3 32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2N2+6NH4Cl4NH点燃3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH催化剂3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH+6NO催化剂35N2+6HO(用氨去除 NO)NH3+HClNH4Cl白烟NH3+HNO3NH4NO3白烟2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2NaHCO3+NH4Cl 侯氏制碱法2NH3+SO2+H2O(NH4)2SO3NH3H2ONHNH3+H2O3+H2ONH3H2ONH4

31、+OH-NHNH4 4HCOHCO3 3、(NH(NH4 4)2 2COCO3 3NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2(NH4)2CO32NH3+H2O+CO2NHNH4 4ClClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NHCaCl4Cl+Ca(OH)22+NH3+H2ONHNaCl+NH4Cl+NaOH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3H2ONHNHNH4 4NONONO3 343+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH(NH4 4)2 2SOSO3 3、(NH(NH4 4)2 2SOSO4 4(NH

32、4)2SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO(NHSO34)24+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P P-word.zl-点燃-2P+3Cl2PCl2PCl3PCl3+Cl25P4+6H24PH34P+5O点燃2P4O10(常写成 P2O5)P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SOPHH43+2O23PO4P P2 2O O3 3、P P2 2O O5 5P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P剂2O)5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4(P2

33、O5极易吸水、可作气体枯燥P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3第三局部 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳C CC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少量)点燃2COC+O点燃2(足量)CO2C+CO22COC+HCO+H2O高温2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)C+SiSiC(金刚砂)C+2SCS23C+CaO电炉CaC2+CO3C+SiO电炉2SiC+2COC+2HCO2SO4(浓)2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓)CO2+4NO2+2H2OCOCO2CO+O点燃22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+

34、H催化剂2OCO2+H2COCO2 2CO点燃2+2Mg2MgO+C-P2OO5+2NaOH2NaPOP3+H2O25+6NaOH2Na3PO3+3H2OH H3 3POPO4 44H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaINaH2PO4+HI3.砷AsAsAs2OS3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl3As2+3H+9H2O2 3+28HNO3(稀)+4H2O6H3AsO42SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(浓)2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2OCO2+H2OH2CO3C

35、O2+2NaOH(过量)Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOHNaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2ONa2CO32CO2+2Na2O22Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2ONaHCO3+NH4Cl 侯氏制碱法H H2 2COCOCO3 3H23CO2+H2O2.硅Si SiSi(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4SiCl4+2H2Si(纯)+4HClSi(粉)+O2SiO2Si+C

36、SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+HSiOSiO2ONa2SiO3+2H22 22C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)3C+SiO电炉2SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO点燃22MgO+Si4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2O-word.zl-SiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+SiSiO2+CaO高温CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)二、氧族元素1.氧O O2 2O点燃2+2H22H2OO2+KKO22O+3Fe点燃2Fe3O4O点燃2+SSO2O2+N22NO3O22O34P+5O2点燃2P2O5C+O2(足量)点燃CO2Si+O2

37、SiO24Na+O22Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O2点燃2MgO4Al+3O2点燃2Al2O34NH3+5O2催化剂4NO+6H2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O点燃22CO26FeO+O22Fe3O42H2SO3+O22H2SO44Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4O O3 32O33O2O3+2HII2+O2+H2OH H2 2O O2F2+2H2O4HF+O2Cl2+H2OHCl+HClO2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H23Fe+4H O(g)高温2Fe3O4+4H2-

38、SiO2+Na2CO3高温Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3高温CaSiO3+CO2NaOH+SiO22Na2SiO3+H2O2H电解2O2H2+O2SO2+H2OH2SO3SO3+H2OH2SO43NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4CO2+H2OH2CO3H H2 2O O2 22H2O22H2O+O2H2O2+Cl22HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2+8H2O2.硫S SS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S

39、3S+ZnS+O2点燃ZnSSO2S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+6NaOHNa2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2NaMgS2S(爆炸)S+MgS+FeS+2H SOFeS24(浓)3SO2+2H2OSOSO2 2SO2+2H2S3S+2H2O2SO2+O2+O2SO32SO22+2H2O2H2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2OH2SO4+2HCl-word.zl-SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4+2HISO2+NO2SO3+NOSO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2

40、SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和 CO2.可用品红鉴别)2NaOH+SO2(少量)Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)NaHSO3Cl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSOSO3 3SO3+H2OH2SO4SO3+MgOMgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2CaSO4+H2OSO3+Na2ONa2SO4SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2H H2 2S SH2S+Cl22HCl+SH2S+MgMgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O

41、2(少量)2S+2H2O2H2S+SO23S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OH2SH2+S3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2ONa2SO4+6NaOHH2S+FeFeS+H2H2S+CuCl2CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2PbS+2HNO3第四局部 有机反响一、烃-H2S+4NO24NO+S

42、O3+H2OH H2 2SOSO3 3H2SO3+X2+H2OH2SO4+2HX(X 表示 Cl2、Br2、I2)2H2SO3+O22H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO42MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3H2O+SO22H2SO3+2H2S3S+2H2OH H2 2SOSO4 4Zn+HFe+H2SO4ZnSO4+H22SO4FeSO4+H2Mg+H2SOSO4MgSO(SO4+H22Al+3H24Al24)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3S

43、O2+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SOAl42Al+6H2SO4(浓)2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OP2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S3SO2+2H2O6H2SO4(浓)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H

44、2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HClH2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2-word.zl-1.甲烷甲烷的制取：CHCaO3COONa+NaOHNa2CO3+CH4烷烃通式：H2n-21 1氧化反响氧化反响点燃甲烷的燃烧：CH4+2O2CO2+2H

45、2O甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。2 2取代反响取代反响一氯甲烷：CH+Cl光42二氯甲烷：CH光CH3Cl+HCl3Cl+Cl2CH2Cl2+HCl三氯甲烷：CH光2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+HClCHCl3又叫氯仿四氯化碳：CHCl光3+Cl2CCl43 3分解反响分解反响+HCl甲烷分解：CH高温4C+2H22.乙烯乙烯的制取：CH浓硫酸3CH2OHH烯烃通式：H1702C=CH2+H2O2n1 1氧化反响氧化反响乙烯的燃烧：H高温2C=CH2+3O22CO2+2H2O乙烯可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，发生氧化反响。2 2加成反响加成反响与溴水加成：H2C=CH2+Br2CH2Br

46、与氢气加成：H催化剂CH2Br2C=CH2+H2与氯化氢加成：H C=CHCH3CH322+HClCH3CH2Cl与水加成：H C=CH22+H2OCH3CH2OH3 3聚合反响聚合反响乙烯加聚，生成聚乙烯：n H一定条件2C=CH2nCH2CH23.乙炔乙炔的制取：CaC2+2H2OHCCH+Ca(OH)2炔烃的通式：H2n-21 1氧化反响氧化反响乙炔的燃烧：HCCH+5O点燃24CO2+2H2O乙炔可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，发生氧化反响。2 2加成反响加成反响与溴水加成：HCCH+Br2HC=CHBrBrCHBr=CHBr+Br2CHBr2CHBr2与氢气加成：HCCH+H2H2C=C

47、H与氯化氢加成：HCCH+HCl催化剂23 3聚合反响聚合反响CH2=CHClCl氯乙烯加聚，得到聚氯乙烯：nCH一定条件2=CHClCH2CH乙炔加聚，得到聚乙炔：n HCCH一定条件nnCH=CH4.苯苯的同系物通式：H2n-6-图 2 乙炔的制取注意：制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集；乙烯、乙炔的加成反响一般都需要催化剂溴除外。-word.zl-1 1氧化反响氧化反响苯的燃烧：2C点燃6H6+15O212CO2+6H2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。2 2取代反响取代反响苯与溴反响FeBr+Br2+HBr溴苯硝化反响+HONO浓 H2SO4NO260+H2O2硝基苯苯硝化反响生成硝基苯

48、，它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体，有毒。磺化反响+HOSO H7080SO33H+H2O苯磺酸3 3加成反响加成反响催化剂+3H2环己烷苯还可以和氯气在紫外光照射下发生加成反响，生成C6H6Cl6剧毒农药。5.甲苯1 1氧化反响氧化反响甲苯的燃烧：C点燃7H8+9O2甲苯不能使溴水褪色，但可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。7CO2+4H2O2 2取代反响取代反响CH3|CH浓硫酸|3+3HNO3O2NNO2+3H2O|NO2甲苯硝化反响生成 2，4，6-三硝基甲苯，简称三硝基甲苯，又叫梯恩梯TNT，是一种淡黄色晶体，不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药，广泛用于国防、开矿等。CH|3CH|3SO3H+3H

49、2SO4HO3S+3H2O|SO3H注意：甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的取代，而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。3 3加成反响加成反响CH|3+3H催化剂2CH3甲基环己烷-word.zl-二、烃的衍生物6.溴乙烷纯洁的溴乙烷是无色液体，沸点38.4，密度比水大。1 1取代反响取代反响NaOH溴乙烷的水解：C2H5Br+H2OC2H5OH+HBr2 2消去反响消去反响醇溴乙烷与 NaOH 溶液反响：CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O注意：检验卤代烃中的卤原子时，需取水解液滴入HNO3酸化，再滴加 AgNO3溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH，二那么检验沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。注意：甲

50、醇、乙醇为可再生能源，甲醇有毒；乙二醇和丙三醇无色、7.乙醇粘稠、有甜味、与水和酒精以任1 1与钠反响与钠反响意比互溶，丙三醇甘油还有乙醇与钠反响：2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2乙醇钠护肤作用。2 2氧化反响氧化反响乙醇的燃烧：CH3CH2OH+3O22CO2+3H2O催化剂乙醇的催化氧化：2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O 乙醛注意：当 2-丙醇发生催化氧化时，会生成丙酮，而非丙醛。OHO|催化剂2CH3CHCH3+O22CH3CCH3+2H2O丙酮3 3消去反响消去反响乙醇在浓硫酸作催化剂的条件下，加热到170生成乙烯。注意：该反响加热到 140时，乙醇