考研英语语法 表语从句详解附译文.docx

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1、考研英语语法表语从句详解附译 文表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中弓I导词that可以 省略。如：That s not what Iwa nt.那不是我要的。That s why I have come.那就是我为什么来了。My opinion is that things will improve.我的意见是事情会好起来的。One advantage of solar energy is that it will neverrun out.太阳能 的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。The truth is that he didn t really try.实际情况是他没有真正努力。T

2、he problem is who is to pay and when we can start.问题是谁来 付帐、我们又何时开始。The fact is that he didn tnotice the car until too late.事实是他注 意到车时已经太晚了。What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.使我感至U吃 惊的是他英语讲得那么好。如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neitherstory) he told us is as attractive and in

3、structive as that one.例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM(rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function ofthe brain.分析：该句是并列句。译文：人们对这两种睡眠都没有完全了解，但认为快速眼动睡眠有使 大脑恢复的功能。2. either指两者中的任何一个，仅限两者，而each用于两者以上中的 每一个;either和both可互换使用，但both强调整体。例句：The relation

4、ship between LatinAmerican music and black music in the United States is evident in theunaccented beats that are common to either/both.分析：该句是复合句，定语从句that are common to either/both 修饰beatse译文：拉丁美洲音乐同美国黑人音乐的关系明显地表现在这两种音乐 各自存在着无重音节拍这一共同点上。例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate toits use.分析：该句是

5、简单句。译文：我们也希望每个地方都恰如其分。3. any和none是一对反义词，表示三者或三者以上中的任何一个 都(不)，其后谓语动词的单复数参看例句。例句: Although Professor Greens lectures usually runover the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s) as they findhis lectures both informative and interesting.分析：该句是复合句。译文：虽然格林教授的课通常超过规定的50分钟，但他的学生从无一 人表示反对，因为

6、他们发现格林的课既富有知识性又有趣。例句:If any man here does not agree with me, he shouldput forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.分析：该句是复合句。译文：如果在座的有人不赞成我的观点，那么他就应该提出他自己的 改善这些人生活条件的方案。4. any和some的主要区别在于any用于否定句、条件句和疑问 句;some用于肯定句表示期待对方的肯定答复或以问句形式向对方提出要求或邀请。例句: He has failed me so man

7、y times that I no longerplace any reliance on what he promises. （1997 年第 23 题）分析：该句是复合句。译文：他多次辜负了我的期望，以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承诺。例句: The idea that some groups of people may be moreintelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak itsname.（选自 2008 年 Use of English）分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是The idea i

8、s one of those hypothesesothat some groups of people may be more intelligent than others 是 idea 的同位语从句，that dare not speak its name 是hypotheses的定语从句。译文：认为某些群体的智商要高于其他群体是一个无人敢说出来的假 想。5. every只能用作形容词，everyone指人，而every one既可以指 物也可以指人。例句： Without telephone it would be impossible to carryon the functions

9、 of practically every business operation in the whole country.（1998 年第 32 题）分析：该句是简单句，本句隐含了一个与现在情况相反的虚拟语气， Without telephone 相当于 if there were no telephoneo译文：如果没有电话，全国几乎所有的商业运作都不可能正常进行。例句:There is an incorrect assumption among scientistsand medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a

10、benefit to anindividual.分析： 该句是复合句，that everyone agrees on.作 assumption 的 同位语从句，what constitutes a benefitto an individual 作介词 on 的宾语。译文：科学家和医务人员普遍持有一种不正确的假设，即：人们在什 么构成了个人利益问题上意见一致。（二）one , the other 和 another.两者中一个用one表示，另一个用the other表示，不定数目中的 另一个用another表示。例句： However, when two monkeys were placed

11、 in separatebut adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was gettingin return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.（选自 2005 年 Text 1）分析：该句是复合句，主句部分为their behavior became markedlydifferento when引导的时间状语从句中又插入了 sothat 引导的目的状语从句,从句中what the other.作observe的宾语。译文：但是当

12、两只猴子被放在隔开但相邻的两个房间中，而且每只猴 子还能看到对方用岩石交换了什么物品之后，他们的行为就发生了巨大 变化。例句： We had a party last month, and it was a lot offun, so lets have another one this month.分析：该句是并列句。译文：上个月我们举行了一场晚会，很有意思。因此，我们这个月再 举行一场类似的晚会吧。1 .表示三者并对三者加以说明。表达方法如下：oneanotherand the otherone.a second.and the third例句:I have three sisters,

13、one is a nurse, another (asecond) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.注：表示四者并对四者都加以说明的表达方式是：one.another.a third.andthe fourth (the other).oOne 作代词时前用形容词或 the ,this ,that,which any 1some , each , every等来修饰，另有one of the+复数名词+单数动词。例句：That means a higher proportion of what is in thes

14、ea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likelyto be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.(选自 2006 年 Text 3)分析：该句是复合句，means后的宾语从句省略了连接代词that, what is in the sea作介词of的宾语,so引导的另一个分句中的the one代替前面的名词difference ,分词短语recorded by作后置定语 修饰 the oneo译文：这意味着更高比例的海洋

15、物种正在被捕捞，因此现在和过去的 真正差异可能比根据渔获量的变化所记录的更糟糕。例句: One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard isto make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors.（2001 年第 13 题） 分析：该句是复合句，从句that all ships.harbors作make sure的 宾语。译文：海岸警卫队的责任之一就是确保所有船只在繁忙的港口严格遵 守航运规则。注意：that和one都可用来代表句子前面部分中的名词以避免重

16、复： one指代可数名词，为不确定指代，其复数形式为ones; that指代可 数和不可数名词,为确定指代,其复数形式为those0例句: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earnedby his own labor.分析：该句是简单句，其中that代替前面的bread，分词短语earned by his own labor 作定语修饰 that。译文：什么面包也不如自己劳动挣得的面包香。例句: Julia tried to find a good book on physics, butthe bookstore she went to y

17、esterday did not have one. 分析：该句是并列句，其中第二个分句是一个复合句，she went to yesterday是修饰the bookstore的定语从句。译文：朱丽亚想找一本物理学方面的好书，但昨天她去的那家书店没 有。3. another后接单数名词表示的意思是另一个，又一个(one more); 另外的，别的(some other);不同的(a d讦ferent)”。例句： Her mother will be back in another moment, and wehave to wait for her.分析：本句是以and连接的并列句。译文：她妈

18、妈再过一会儿就回来，我们还是等等她吧。例句: We will visit the History Museum another day.译文：我们改天参观历史博物馆。例句:He is planning another tour abroad, yet hispassport will expire at the end of this month. (1998 年第 34 题)分析：该句是由yet连接的并列句。译文：他正计划再到国外去旅游，但是他的护照这个月底就到期了。4. other 通常接复数名词，在 any other , every other, no other , some oth

19、er , the other , one other后，名词也可用单数形式。例句: As far as I am concerned, his politics are ratherconservative compared with other politicians. （1997 年第 19题）分析：该句是简单句其中As far as I am concerned为插入语,other politicians, 相当于 other politicians* politics，分词短语 compared with other politician/在句中作状语表示时间或条件，相当于when/i

20、f his politics are compared with other politicianso译文：依我看，与其他政治家的政治观点相比，他的观点更加保守。例句： No other book has had a greater influence on mylife.译文：任何书对我一生的影响都没有这本书大。例句： Wilson found there was only one other guestbesides himself.译文：威尔逊发现除了他自己外只有一个客人。注意：0ther与数目连用时其位置如下： 基数词+ other+复数名词;the other基数词+复数名词或the

21、+基数词+other+复数名词。（三）few,a few;littlera littlefew和a few修饰可数名词;little和a little修饰不可数名词;a few和a little具有肯定含义;few和little具有否定含义;thefew和the little表 示肯定含义。例句: A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.（选自 2005 年 Part B）分析：该句是简单句。译文：一些省督们对由联邦政府联合各省进行谈判的做法心存怀疑。例句:The roles expected of

22、 old people in such asetting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. （2000 年第 7题）分析：该句是简单句，其中分词短语expected of old people在句中 作定语修饰the roleso译文：在此情况下，对老年人角色的期望使得他们几乎无法得到心理 上的满足，也就无法享受正常的幸福生活。例句:Living in the central Australian desert has itsproblems, of which obtaining water is n

23、ot the least.All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it.我能说的就是我与 此事没有关系。What I want to know is where we shall go and whethershe will join us.我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。The fact is that he didn tnotice the car until too late.事实是他注 意到车时已经太晚了。What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.使我感

24、至U吃 惊的是他英语讲得那么好。All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it.我能说的就是我与 此事没有关系。What I want to know is where we shall go and whethershe will join us.我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。此外，表语从句还可由as if （好像）引导。如：It looked as if it was/were going to rain.（虚拟语气）看起来好像要 下雨了。翻译练习： 这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。 分析：该句是复合句，of which

25、obtaining water is是一个非限制性 定语从句修饰problems z the least是thelittle的最高级表示肯定意 义。译文：居住在澳大利亚沙漠中心有其自身的问题，其中，获取水是很 严峻的问题。例句:They may teach very well, and more than earntheir salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections onhuman problems which involve moral judgment. （2006 年第 50 题）分析：该句是

26、并列复合句，定语从句which involve moral judgment 修饰problems , but前后是两个并列句。译文：他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数 人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的关于人的问题讲行独立思考。（四）mostmost表示大多数、大部分或最大数量、最大程度等，作代词、名词、 形容词和副词。例句:Its hard to imagine that many people are dumbenough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look soglamorous

27、: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.（选自 2011 年 Text 4）分析该句是复合句。在主句中jt是形式主语真正的主语是toimagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因状语 从句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒号后的内容是对前面内 容的解释。译文：很难想象，仅仅因为里斯和安吉丽娜使生孩子看起来颇具魅 力，很多人就愚蠢地跟风效仿：大多数成年人都明白抚养孩子并不像理 发那样简单。例句： Most newspapers,

28、while devoting the major part oftheir space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pagesfor articles on some interesting topics. （2000 年第 17 题）分析：该句是复合句 其中主句为Most newspapers usually manage tofind room on the inside pages.topicso 从句 while 后的完整形式 应为 while they are devoting the maj

29、or part of their space to recenteventSo译文：大多数报纸将主要版面用来报道近期发生的事件，但通常也会 在内页留出空间刊登一些趣闻。例句： Most often the reason for this is that the motheris insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learnlanguage rapidly.分析： 该句是复合句，that the mother is insensitive to thesignals of the infa

30、nt在句中充当表语从句，定语从句whose brain is.rapidly 修饰 the infante译文：其原因往往是母亲对大脑已做好快速学习语言准备的婴儿所发 出的信号不敏感。1. 单独使用时，most前无冠词。例句：Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.分析：most=most people ,动词用复数。2. most后带有限制性定语从句时，前加theo例句:The most this hall can seat is 1,000.分析：这是一个复合句,this hall can seat这个定语从句修饰the moste

31、seat是动词,意为为提供座位。译文：这个大厅最多能容纳一千人。3. most of the+复数名词表示大多数；mostof+形容词性物主 代词+单数名词表示大部分。例句: Mr. Pollard has visited most of the countries inEurope.译文：波勒德先生已经访问了欧洲大多数国家。例句： Most of her book deals with problems in politicaleconomy.译文：她的书大部分都是论述政治经济方面的问题的。彳列句: Moreover, most of the changes that companies m

32、akeare intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasingproductivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just asmuch.（选自 1998 年 Text 2）分析：该句是并列复合句，and前一分句中thatcompanies make是 一定语从句修饰the changes ,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有 内容，冒号后的内容作解释。译文：此外，公司改革的目的大部分是为了盈利，这种需求

33、并不一定 总是能够提高生产率：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也能获得同样的 效果。4. most作副词时构成形容词或副词的最高级；在通俗英语中 most=very，修饰形容词或副词，most与mostly的区别在于后者作 大部分“讲（=for the most part）。例句: The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trustingand considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. （2001 年第 14 题）分析：该句是简单句，i

34、s与seems to是两个并列谓语。译文：爰斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任别人也最体贴他人的 人，然而他们对自己的动物的福利却好像漠不关氏例句： What Mr. Jelly said is mostly （=for the mostpart） correct.译文：杰勒先生说的话大部分是正确的。5. most+名词，表示泛指;most of the+名词，表示特指。例句：Most Chinese like fast food.（泛指）Most of the people in this district are fond ofCCTV5.（特才旨）译文：这一个区里的大部分人都喜欢看中央五

35、台。九、连接代词 连接代词包括 who , whom, whose , what, which , thato 其中 除what外，其他连接代词也可作关系代词，其区别在于连接代词引导 的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句，而关 系代词引导的是定语从句。（一）引导主语从句例句: That the sun and not the earth is the center ofour planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.分析： 该句是复合句，that the sun and not

36、 the earth is thecenter of our planetary system在句中充当主语。译文：太阳是我们行星系的中心（而不是地球）这一概念在中世纪是很难 让人明白的。例句：It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; butthis effect is not a part of its original motive. （2009 年第 46 题）分析：该句是由转折连词b

37、ut连接的并列句，其中第一个分句中it作 形式主语,真正的主语是 that the measure of theworth. z of any social institution 是 worth 的后置定语,in enlarging and improvingexperience 是 its effect 的后置定语。译文：或许可以说，要衡量任何一种社会制度的价值就要看它在丰富和提升人们经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初动机的一部分。（二）引导宾语从句例句：He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of

38、men in noticing things which easilyescape attention, and in observing them carefully” .（2008 年第 49 题）分析：该句是复合句，that引导的宾语从句结构是hewas superior to.,其中包含了由which引导的定语从句,in noticing things与in observing themcarefully 是并列结构。译文：他又自谦地说，或许自己在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并对 其加以仔细观察方面优于常人。例句:I apologize if I had offended you, but

39、 I assureyou it was unintentional. （1998 年第 3 题）分析：该句是并列复合句，其中短语assure sb. that意为向某人 保证某事。译文：如果我冒犯了你，我向你道歉，但我保证那不是故意的。（三）引导表语从句例句:One of the reasons why the appointment came assuch a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. （选自 2011 年 Text 1）分析：该句是复合句。其中,why the appointment

40、came as such asurprise是一个定语从句，修饰reasons，however作插入语，介词 短语as such a surprise作状语，修饰came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little knowno译文：然而，该任命显得如此突然的原因之一就是吉尔伯特比较不为 人知。例句:The notion is that people have failed to detectthe massive changes which have happened in the ocean beca

41、use they have beenlooking back only a relatively short time into the past （选自 2006 年 Text3）分析：该句是复合句，that people have failed to.changes 是一个 表语从句，which have happened in the ocean 作 changes 的定语， because后引导一个原因状语从句。译文：这个概念是说人们没有注意到发生在海洋里的巨大变化，因为 人们只是回顾了过去很短一段时间。（四）同位语从句（通常由that引导，也可由whether ,what ,when

42、 , where , why , how引导，进一步说明其前名词的具体内容和含义）例句:Allens contribution was to take an assumption weall share that because we are not robots we thereforecontrol our thoughts - and reveal its erroneous nature.（2011 年第 46 题）分析：该句是复合句,主干部分是Allen, contribution was to take an assumption and reveal itserroneous n

43、atureo 其中 we all share 是一个定语从句，修饰 assumption; that because we are not robots we thereforecontrol our thoughts 是一个同位语从句，与 assumption为同位语关系。译文：爱伦的贡献在于他提出了一个公认的假设并揭示了其错误本质, 即我们不是机器人，因此我们能控制自己的思想。例句:But the idea that the journalist must understandthe law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on

44、 an understanding ofthe established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.（2007 年第 48 题）分析：该句是复合句，其中主干结构为the idea.rests on an understanding. , that the journalist must.an ordinary citizen 是the idea的同位语从句。译文：新闻记者应该比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，但这种看法是 基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。(H)whatever,who(m)ev

45、er, whichever连接代词what+ever指不定数目中无论什么，用于物;who(m)+ever 指不定数目中无沦是谁，用于人；which+ever指确定数目中无论哪一 个，用于人或物。例句: Now that you have developed a topic into atentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whateveroutline you have made.(选自 2008 年 PartB)分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是you can assemble your note

46、s and beginto flesh out. z whatever outline you have made 作 flesh out(使充实、具体化)的宾语 从句中develop.Jnto意思是发展成；变 成。前半部分是now that引导的让步状语从句。译文：既然你已经将一个主题拓展成了一个初步的论题，那么你就可 以整合笔记内容，丰富自己拟定的提纲。例句：Donovan believed in using whatever tools came tohand in the great game/ ofespionage 一 spying as a profession. (选自 200

47、3 年 Text 1)That is why she had a day off yesterday.我的想法是，个人的权利应该得到充分尊重。My idea is that individual rights should be fullyrespected.问题在于上帝是否真的存在。The question is whether the God really exists.我想知道的是，他是如何在这么短的时间内完成这个项目的。What I want to know is how he managed to complete theproject in such a short time.形容

48、词后的that从句that引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都 用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如 certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed,worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident 等等。如:I am sure/certain that he sat home now.我肯定他现在在家。He became angry that you made the same mistake.你3了同样的 错误，他生气了。分析：该句是复合句，whatever tools came to.作using的宾语， 破折号后的内容是对espionage的解释说明。译文：多诺万认为在职业间谍活动这一 伟大事业中可以利用任何 有用的工具。He remains confident that he will win.他仍然自信他会赢She is aware that I can t