《生理学》 CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION.ppt
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1、第二节第二节 肺换气和组织换气肺换气和组织换气 Pulmonary Ventilation and Tissues Ventilation一、气体交换的原理一、气体交换的原理 principle of gas exchange(一)气体(一)气体 扩散扩散 gas diffusion 气体分子不停的进行着无定向的运动,其结果是气气体分子不停的进行着无定向的运动,其结果是气体分子从分压高处向分压低处发生净转移,这一过体分子从分压高处向分压低处发生净转移,这一过程称为气体扩散。程称为气体扩散。Gas molecules move freely among one another.The resul
2、t is gas molecules diffuse from high-pressure area toward low-pressure area.The process is called gas diffusion.肺换气和组织换气就是物理性的扩散过程。肺换气和组织换气就是物理性的扩散过程。Pulmonary ventilation and tissues ventilation are physical diffusion processes.气体扩散遵循着以下物理原则气体扩散遵循着以下物理原则 gas diffusion obeys the following physical p
3、rinciples1.气体从分压高的一侧向低的一侧扩散。气体从分压高的一侧向低的一侧扩散。Gas diffuses from the high-pressure area to the low-pressure area.2.各气体的扩散方向和量,决定于该气体的分压差、各气体的扩散方向和量,决定于该气体的分压差、气体的扩散速度和气体在液体中的溶解度。气体的扩散速度和气体在液体中的溶解度。The diffusion direction and volume of gas is decided by its own partial pressure difference、diffusion rat
4、e and the solubility in fluid.3.在液体或气液交界面,气体的扩散速度与它在液在液体或气液交界面,气体的扩散速度与它在液体中的溶解度密切相关。溶解度高的扩散快。体中的溶解度密切相关。溶解度高的扩散快。In the fluid or at the interface of gas and fluid,the diffusion rate of gas is correlate closely to its solubility in fluid.The gas which solubility is higher diffuses quicker.4.气体的扩散速度气
5、体的扩散速度(1/气体分子量)。分子量大气体分子量)。分子量大的扩散速度慢。的扩散速度慢。Diffusion rate of gas(1/molecular weight)The gas which molecular weigh is larger diffuses slowlier.单位时间内气体扩散的容积为气体扩散速率单位时间内气体扩散的容积为气体扩散速率,它受下列它受下列因素影响因素影响 The volume of gas diffusion in unit time is called diffusion rate.It is effected by the following fa
6、ctors 分压差分压差扩散面积扩散面积温度温度气体溶解度气体溶解度 扩散距离扩散距离分子量分子量扩扩散散速速率率DP*T*A*S d*MW 1.气体的分压差:分压差大扩散快气体的分压差:分压差大扩散快 Gas partial pressure difference:gas partial pressure difference is largerdiffuses faster2.气体分子量和溶解度:溶解度高,扩散快气体分子量和溶解度:溶解度高,扩散快 分子量大,扩散慢分子量大,扩散慢 Gas molecular weight and solubility:when solubility is
7、 high,it diffuses fast when molecular weight is large,it diffuses slowly.3.肺泡膜的扩散面积:扩散面积大,扩散快肺泡膜的扩散面积:扩散面积大,扩散快 Diffusion area of alveolar membrane:when diffusion area of alveolar membrane is large,it diffuses fast.安静状态下,肺泡扩散面积安静状态下,肺泡扩散面积40m2 diffusion area of alveolar membrane is 40m2 in normal qu
8、iet state.运动时肺泡扩散面积运动时肺泡扩散面积70m2 diffusion area of alveolar membrane is 70m2 during sports.疾病状态时下降疾病状态时下降 diffusion area of alveolar membrane decreases in disease.4.扩散距离肺泡膜的厚度(反比关系)扩散距离肺泡膜的厚度(反比关系)(图图39-9)Diffusion distancethickness of alveolar membrane(inverse ratio relationship)肺纤维化肺纤维化-厚度增加厚度增加 P
9、ulmonary fibrosis-Thickness increases 肺水肿肺水肿-扩散下降扩散下降 Pulmonary edema-Diffusion decreases5.温度温度 Temperature 液体温度上升,溶解度上升扩散快液体温度上升,溶解度上升扩散快 Temperature of fluid increases Solubility increasesDiffuses fast 6.肺血流量与通气血流比值肺血流量与通气血流比值 Pulmonary Perfusion and Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio 0.75秒秒 右心搏出量右心搏出量60
10、ml/每搏每搏 流经肺泡膜气体交换所流经肺泡膜气体交换所需时间需时间0.3秒,故时间上有很大贮备潜力。秒,故时间上有很大贮备潜力。0.75second RSV 60ml/per beat Exchange time of the gas flowing through alveolar membrane is 0.3 second.So there is great time reserve potential.如果血流量下降,气体交换正常交换的总量如果血流量下降,气体交换正常交换的总量下降,故肺泡通气量与血流量之间必须保持恰下降,故肺泡通气量与血流量之间必须保持恰当的比值。当的比值。If b
11、lood flow decreases and gas exchange are normal-the exchange total amount decreases.Soalveolar ventilation and blood flow must keep anappropriate ratio.Ventilation/perfusion ratio通气通气/血流比值血流比值(安静时正常值安静时正常值)4.2升升/5升升0.84VA/Q (value of normal quiet state)4.2升升/5升升0.84VA每分肺泡通气量每分肺泡通气量 alveolar ventilat
12、ion per minuteQ 每分肺血流量每分肺血流量 pulmonary perfusion per minute 通气通气/血流比值升高:表示有部分肺泡气不能与血血流比值升高:表示有部分肺泡气不能与血液中的气体充分交换生理无效腔增大。液中的气体充分交换生理无效腔增大。ventilation/perfusion ratio increases:it means partial alveolar gas can not exchange fully with the blood gas=physiological dead space increases.通气通气/血流比值下降:表示有部分血
13、液经通气不良血流比值下降:表示有部分血液经通气不良的肺泡,得不到充分气体交换,相当于功能性动的肺泡,得不到充分气体交换,相当于功能性动静脉短路。静脉短路。ventilation/perfusion ratio decreases:it means partial blood flow through hypoventilation alveoli.They can not get fully exchange.And it equals functional arteriovenous shunt.正常人直立时,正常人直立时,肺各局部肺各局部VAQ分布不均匀分布不均匀 When normal
14、adult is standing,every part of lung VAQ is not well-distributed 肺尖肺尖 VA下降下降/Q下降下降 Q下降更明显下降更明显Apex of lung VA descent/Q descent Q descenting is more obvious.比值上升(可在比值上升(可在3以上)以上)ratio rises(more than 3)肺底肺底 VA下降下降/Q上升上升 比值下降(比值下降(0.6)Base of lung VA descents/Q rises ratio descents(0.6)7.肺扩散容量肺扩散容量(p
15、ulmonary diffusion capacity)指各种气体在单位分压差(指各种气体在单位分压差(1mmHg)下,每下,每 分钟能通过呼吸膜的气体量(分钟能通过呼吸膜的气体量(ml)。)。它是测定它是测定呼吸膜扩散功能的生理指标。呼吸膜扩散功能的生理指标。When all kinds of gas is under unit partial pressure difference,the gas volume(ml)passing through respiratory membrane per minute is called pulmonary diffusion capacity.
16、It is the physiological index to test the diffusion ability of respiratory membrane.CO2扩散率扩散率/O2扩散率扩散率O2分子量分子量/CO2分子量分子量=32/445.6/6.6CO2 diffusibility/O2 diffusibility=O2 molecular weight/CO2 molecular weight=32/445.6/6.6在肺泡气在肺泡气O2的扩散率稍大于的扩散率稍大于CO2The diffusibility in alveolar gas is a little larger
17、 than CO2.但由于但由于CO2溶解度溶解度/O2溶解溶解=0.592/0.0244=24.3/1.0(Herrys law 赫利定理)赫利定理)But because CO2 solubility/O2 solubility=0.592/0.0244=24.3/1.0(Herrys law)CO2扩散速率扩散速率/O2扩散速率扩散速率=(5.6/6.6)(0.592/0.0244)=20.6/1.0CO2 diffusion velocity/O2 diffusion velocity=(5.6/6.6)(0.592/0.0244)=20.6/1.0 由上可知,由上可知,CO2扩散速率
18、扩散速率 远大于远大于O2扩散速率,临床上扩散速率,临床上不存在不存在CO2扩散障碍。一般以扩散障碍。一般以O2的扩散容量作为测定的扩散容量作为测定指标。指标。From all above,we know that the diffusion velocity of CO2 is much more than that of O2.There is no diffusion disturbance of CO2 in clinical.Usually,we take the diffusion volume of O2 as test index.正常成人正常成人20ml/(min*mmHg)
19、normal adult 20ml/(min*mmHg)男女男女;成人老幼;成人老幼 malefemale;adultthe old or the immature(二)呼吸气体和人体不同部位气体的分压(二)呼吸气体和人体不同部位气体的分压(二)呼吸气体和人体不同部位气体的分压(二)呼吸气体和人体不同部位气体的分压 partial pressure of respiratory air and gas ofpartial pressure of respiratory air and gas of different human body different human body tissue
20、stissues1.呼吸气及肺泡气的成分和分压(表呼吸气及肺泡气的成分和分压(表5-2)Composition and partial pressure of respiratory air and alveolar air.呼吸周期中,肺泡气呼吸周期中,肺泡气O2及及CO2的含量有轻微波动。的含量有轻微波动。In the respiratory cycle,composition of O2 and CO2 in alveolar air fluctuates a little.呼吸气和肺泡气的成分和分压呼吸气和肺泡气的成分和分压表表5-2;血液气体和组织气体的分压血液气体和组织气体的分压
21、表表5-3The ingredient and partial pressure of respiratory air and alveolar gas figure 5-2;partial pressure of blood gas and tissues gas figure 5-3 混合气体的总压力是各组成气体的分压力的总和。混合气体的总压力是各组成气体的分压力的总和。The total pressure of mixed gas equals to the summation of partial pressure of each composition.各组成气的分压混合气总压力各组
22、成气的分压混合气总压力该气体的容积百分比该气体的容积百分比 partial pressure of each composition=the total pressure of mixed gas volume percentage of the gas N2 600mmHg =760mmHg 79%O2 159mmHg=760mmHg21 2.血液气体和组织的分压(张力)(表血液气体和组织的分压(张力)(表5-3)partial pressure(tension)of blood gas and tissues gas (figure 5-3)二、肺换气二、肺换气 Pulmonary gas
23、 exchange 混合静脉血混合静脉血PO2是是5.32kPa(40mmHg),),比肺泡气比肺泡气的的13.82 kPa(104mmHg)低,肺泡气中低,肺泡气中O2向血液向血液中扩散,血液的中扩散,血液的PO2逐渐上升,最后接近肺泡气的逐渐上升,最后接近肺泡气的PO2。PO2 of mixed venous blood is 5.32 kPa(40mmHg)is lower than 13.82 kPa(104mmHg)of alveolar gas.O2 in alveolar gas diffuses to blood.PO2 in blood rises gradually unt
24、il it is almost equal to PO2 in alveolar gas.混合静脉血混合静脉血PCO2是是6.12kPa(46mmHg),),比肺泡比肺泡气的气的5.32 kPa(40mmHg)高,血液中高,血液中CO2向肺泡向肺泡中扩散,血液的中扩散,血液的PCO2逐渐下降逐渐下降,最后接近肺泡气最后接近肺泡气的的PCO2。PCO2 of mixed venous blood is 6.12kPa(46mmHg)It is higher than 5.32 kPa(40mmHg)of alveolar gas.CO2 in blood diffuses to alveolar
25、 gas.PCO2 in blood descents gradually until it is almost equal to PCO2 in alveolar gas.肺换气肺换气肺换气肺换气 Pulmonary gas exchangePulmonary gas exchange 三、三、组织换气组织换气Tissues Gas Exchange第三节第三节 气体在血液中的运输气体在血液中的运输 Transport of Gas in the Blood一、氧和二氧化碳在血液中的存在形式一、氧和二氧化碳在血液中的存在形式Existing pattern of O2 and CO2 in
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