“三段式”写作真题解析.ppt

《“三段式”写作真题解析.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《“三段式”写作真题解析.ppt（81页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、n“三段式三段式”写作简介写作简介n“三段式三段式”构成构成n真题解析真题解析Content1CET-4 Skill 12CET-4 Skill 23CET-4 Skill 34CET-4 Skill 4“三段式”写作5CET-4 Models3CET-4 三段式写作平装 出版社:复旦大学;第4版(2006年7月1日)蔡基刚(作者)本书为培养和训练大学生英语写作能力（30分钟内写出150词左右的短文）而编写。全书就原因、理由、比较、分析、评论和批驳等多种作文结构进行了讨论与探索，并系统地介绍了以“十句作文”模式写出优秀作文的技巧与句型。本书具有很强的可操作性和实用性，是大学英语四、六级考生以及

2、具有相当水平的各类英语学习者的推荐教材和必读之书。CET-4写作方法“三段式”简介“三段式”写作方法 “英语十句作文法英语十句作文法”，它适用于，它适用于150150词左右的作文写作。词左右的作文写作。用用“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。”来形容这种模式较贴切，因来形容这种模式较贴切，因为整篇文章用时半小时左右，分为引言，正文和结尾三个为整篇文章用时半小时左右，分为引言，正文和结尾三个段落，属于典型的段落，属于典型的“topic-thesis-conclusion”“topic-thesis-conclusion”“三段式三段式”写作。写作。（如如CET-4）在美国在美国，大学写作普

3、遍推荐的是一种大学写作普遍推荐的是一种“五段五段”写作法写作法：Introduction of Topic，Thesis Statement；Topic Sentence，Supporting Sentences 1；Topic Sentence，Supporting Sentences 2；Topic Sentence，Supporting Sentences 3；Conclusion，Restatement of the Thesis.其特点是结构严谨，层次分明，观点阐述充分，语言其特点是结构严谨，层次分明，观点阐述充分，语言变化生动，比较适合于较高级别的议论文写作变化生动，比较适合于较高

4、级别的议论文写作(如如CET-6级级等等)。文章的段落结构1）主题段（Topic paragraph）概括全文内容，点明全文概括全文内容，点明全文中心思想的段落就是主题段。通常，说明文和议论文有主题中心思想的段落就是主题段。通常，说明文和议论文有主题段，主题段往往是文章的第一或前一、二段。段，主题段往往是文章的第一或前一、二段。2）支撑段（Supporting paragraph）严格地讲，这是一严格地讲，这是一种还可以细分为若干小类的段落。这类段落旨在支撑文章的种还可以细分为若干小类的段落。这类段落旨在支撑文章的主题，使其具体化，形象化。此段落通常要对文章的主题进主题，使其具体化，形象化。此

5、段落通常要对文章的主题进行解释、说明或细致的描写、叙述。行解释、说明或细致的描写、叙述。3）过渡段（Transitional paragraph）有时文章的内容有时文章的内容从一个观点、一个方面过渡或转变到另一个观点、另一个方从一个观点、一个方面过渡或转变到另一个观点、另一个方面，表示这种过渡或转变的段落就是过渡段。过渡段表示文面，表示这种过渡或转变的段落就是过渡段。过渡段表示文章内容的对照、对比或转移等。章内容的对照、对比或转移等。4）结论段（Conclusion paragraph）要在最后一段或几要在最后一段或几段对全文进行总结，对文章涉及的方方面面进行归纳或提出段对全文进行总结，对文章

6、涉及的方方面面进行归纳或提出结论性意见或设想，这样的段落就是结论段。结论性意见或设想，这样的段落就是结论段。题目题目起起承承转转合合 CET-4“CET-4“三段式三段式三段式三段式”写作方法写作方法写作方法写作方法：文章段落间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词完成，其作用文章段落间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词完成，其作用文章段落间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词完成，其作用文章段落间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词完成，其作用在修辞中称为：起、承、转、合。在修辞中称为：起、承、转、合。在修辞中称为：起、承、转、合。在修辞中称为：起、承、转、合。起起起起承承承承转转转转。所谓所谓“起承转合起承转合”，诗法家数（元，诗法家数（元杨载

7、）一文中有这样一句：杨载）一文中有这样一句：“一篇之中，一篇之中，先立大意，起承转合，三致意焉，则工致矣。先立大意，起承转合，三致意焉，则工致矣。”“”“起起”，即开头；，即开头；“承承”，接开头加以，接开头加以论述；论述；“转转”，即转说开去，大致分两种情况：一种从另一面或反面说，讲不同的意见，即转说开去，大致分两种情况：一种从另一面或反面说，讲不同的意见，另一种是采用推进一层的写法，转入深处；另一种是采用推进一层的写法，转入深处；“合合”，即收束全文。起笔宜开不宜合，或，即收束全文。起笔宜开不宜合，或单刀直入、或启人思考、或引人注目，变化多端，以自然为佳；承接或正起反接，或正单刀直入、或启

8、人思考、或引人注目，变化多端，以自然为佳；承接或正起反接，或正接反起，以顺畅为妙，承后之转折，或一转，或两转，或三转，或四转接反起，以顺畅为妙，承后之转折，或一转，或两转，或三转，或四转迂回曲折，迂回曲折，愈转愈奇，才是上乘；合即结尾，或明揭题旨，或耐人寻味，或启人遐想，以有力取胜。愈转愈奇，才是上乘；合即结尾，或明揭题旨，或耐人寻味，或启人遐想，以有力取胜。这种文章不但能将观点阐述的全面、充分，而且能使文章严密、深刻；同时，因为这种文章不但能将观点阐述的全面、充分，而且能使文章严密、深刻；同时，因为其形式相对固定，容易学习掌握其形式相对固定，容易学习掌握并应用。并应用。我的作文我做主！Tit

9、leTitleDirections and detailed rulesPara.1Para.2Para.3How to write？How to write？.The titlePara.1Main ContentThe last para.?“三段式三段式”写作类型、写法写作类型、写法四四级写作基本模式写作基本模式三段式三段式第一段开篇点题开篇点题用语不俗用语不俗切忌潦草切忌潦草不可过长不可过长第二段(Main body)Description/Expression of the concrete contents第二段扩展段第二段扩展段扩展段扩展段1扩展段扩展段2扩展段扩展段3第三段第三

10、段TextinhereTextinhereTextinhere第一段第一段结尾结尾文章主体内容文章主体内容（可以分两段）（可以分两段）作文：作文：120字到字到180字之间。根据提示和给出的题目完成作文字之间。根据提示和给出的题目完成作文。2013.06 Describing the picture2012.12 Education Pays2012.06 On Excessive Packaging2011.12 Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will2011.06 Online Shopping2010.12 How Should Parents He

11、lp Children to Be Independent2010.06 Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling2009.12 Create a Green Campus （1）真题考查真题考查类型考查类型考查真题考查2009.6.Free Admission to Museums（论论说文说文）2008.12.Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags（论说论说文）文）2008.6.Recreational Activities(论说文论说文)2007.12.What Electives to Choose（论说论说文文）2

12、007.6.Welcome to our club（应用文应用文）真题解析(CET-4，2012.6)真题解析真题解析真题解析(CET-4，2011.12)Outlinev1.坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。v2.意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命。v3.学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，终究不会成为有用之才。本次四级作文要求写一篇意志和成功的关系意志和成功的关系的短文。首先，这个题目没有任何题材范围上的突破，和大学生的日常生活和成长有关。第二，这个题目其实很有利于考生的发挥。可以引用名人名言来开篇，也可以引用成功的实例或者自己的经历加以佐证。但是要注意，情绪渲染点到为止，否则，不仅不会打动阅卷老师，反而有不

13、够缜密和结构松散之嫌。第三，四级作文要求大家应该体现出亮点，体现出英语语言水平，方式很多，比如非常用词替换常用词，特殊句式，从句的使用等等。就今年12月这个题目而言，可以用一个虚拟语气的句子，“如果.就(不).”。第四，不要聪明反被聪明误，有同学会论述意志力的重要性，然后“辩证地”谈只有意志力也不行等等。这会削弱自己主题的表达，而不是什么“证全面”。真题解析真题解析(CET-4，2011.6)真题解析真题解析真题解析(CET-4，2010.12)真题解析真题解析真题解析(CET-4，2010.6)真题解析真题解析总结：总结：写作模式写作模式一、议论文一、议论文1 1对立观点式对立观点式1）有人

14、赞成.2）有人反对.3）我的看法。例文：1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是2.也有人持 不 同意 见，3.我 的看法 和打 算 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?Different people have different opinions about the necessity of a test of spoken English in the College English Test.Some people believe that a test of spoken English is necessary because spoke

15、n English is an important part of language.Only when one speaks fluent English can we say that he has really a command of the language.So a test ought to be devised to assess the learners ability in spoken English.Other people,however,think that a test of written English is enough and test of spoken

16、 English is not necessary at all.They hold that ones competence in English can be shown in a test of written English,and a test of spoken English will be difficult to carry out,and will,moreover,add to the burden of the students.In my opinion,a test of spoken English is absolutely necessary,because

17、I believe it is of great importance for every foreign language learner to speak the language with fluency.For one thing,more and more foreigners are coming to China every year,a large number of people who can speak English fluently are badly needed in all walks of life.For another,the four skills,li

18、stening,speaking,reading and writing in language learning are closely related.A test of spoken English will stimulate the other skills in English learning.模式模式1Different people have different opinions about（讨论主题）.Some people believe(argue,recognize,think)that（观点1）.But other people take an opposite s

19、ide.They firmly believe that(观点2)./Other people,however,think that（观点2）As for me,I agree with theformer/latteridea.(Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondidea.)(Thefollowingarethereasonsof/formychoice/personalinclination.)First of all,(论据1).More importantly,(论据2).Most important of all,.(论据3).In summary,(总结观点).

20、Asacollegestudent,I am supposed to(表决心).或From above,we can predict that(预测).模式模式2 Peoples ideas/opinions/views on （讨论主题）vary from person to person.Some people hold/think that.(观点1).From their point of view,.However,others hold/think that(观点2).In their opinion,./Yet other people dont think in this wa

21、y.They argue that(观点2).As far as I am concerned,theformer/latteropinionholdsmoreweight.For one thing,(论据1).For another,(论据2).Last but not the least,(论据3)./First of all,(论据1)。Furthermore,(论据2)。Among all of the supporting evidences,one is the strongest.That is,(论据3)。To conclude,(总结观点).Asacollegestuden

22、t,Iamsupposedto(表决心).或From above,we can predict that(预测).模式3Different people have different views on (讨论主题).Some people think that （观点1）.Other people holdthat(观点2).Those who hold the first opinion think that （观点1）(论据1，2，3)On the contrary,those who hold the second view think that （观点2）(论据1，2，3)As for

23、 me,I agree with the former/latter opinion.(论据1，2，3)Therefore I hold that(观点1/2.)练习：1.1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。2.2.我认为数字和运气无关，Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?Some people take it for granted that some numbers canbring the

24、m good luck.For instance,the so-called luckynumber“8”iswidelypreferredbymostofthepeople.Whenthey install a telephone,or buy a cell phone,or choose thelicenseplatefortheircar,manypeopletrytogetasmany“8”aspossible.They thinkthatthenumber“8”canbringthemgoodluckandagreatfortune.Yet other people dont thi

25、nk in this way.They arguethatnumbersarenothingbutakindofsymbolusedforcounting.Numbershavenothingtodowithgoodluck.Itissuperstitioustoconnectoneslifewiththenumbers.So,theylaughatthosewhothinknumberscanbringgoodluck.I am in favor of the latter opinion.Weshouldntdependonnumberstofulfillourwishes.Whether

26、wecanlivearichlifelargelydependsonourselves.Ourlifeisinourownhands.So weshouldworkhareinsteadofdependingonluckynumberstobringusahappylife.2.2.利弊式利弊式1）某事物带来的好处2）某事物带来的问题3）应该怎样做？例文：1.ATM(自动柜员机)的好处2.ATM存在的问题3.我的看法Positive and Negative Aspects of ATMNowadays,ATM plays an important part in peoples life.L

27、ike everything else,ATM has both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally,the advantages can be listed as follows.First,ATM is convenient.People can draw money from it with a cardeverywhere.Besides,itissafe.Ifyouloseyourcard,someoneelsecantuseit,becausepeoplehavetoenterthepasswordtodrawmoney.Most

28、 important of all,whenpeopleneedmoneyatnightorweekend,theycandrawmoneyfromaround-the-clockATM.Therefore,ATMsolvestheproblemofmoneyshortage.But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent（显显而而易易见见的的）.To begin with,ifsomeoneinputsawrongpasswordthreetimes,ATMwillwithholdthecard.To m

29、ake matter worse,sometimesthereisnomoneyinsome ATM.It makes people disappointed.Worst of all,ifsomeoneforgetspassword,hewillnotdrawmoneyfromATM.From the above analysis,I believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.Therefore,moreandmorepeopletendtousetheATMforthesakeof（为了利益）convenienceands

30、afety.模式模式 Nowadays,（讨论主题）playsanimportantpartinpeopleslife.Likeeverythingelse,（讨论主题）hasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,（好处1）Besides,（好处2）Most important of all,（好处3）Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.To begin with,（坏处1）To ma

31、ke matter worse,（坏处2）Worst of all,（坏处3）Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Therefore,（结论）练习：练习：双休日给大学生带来的好处。双休日可能给大学生带来的问题。我应当怎样过好双休日。The Two-day WeekendThe Two-day WeekendThebenefitsthatthetwodayweekendbringtocollegestudentsaretoomuchtobelisted.To begin with,itpro

32、videsthestudentswithmoresparetimetorestafteraweeksstudy.Besides,itenablesthestudentstohaveenoughtime to take part in various kinds of sport activities and social activities.Furthermore,itgivesthestudentsadequatetimetoplanandpreparetheirlifeandstudynextweek.However,the problems thatthetwo-dayweekendb

33、rings are also obvious.Somestudentsfeelthattheyhavenothingtodobuttosleep.OtherstudentsindulgeinsuchentertainmentsaswatchingTV,seeingfilmsandplayingvideogames.Still otherstudentsunwiselyexhaustthemselvesbyexcessiveoutdoorgames,suchasfootball,outing,etc.In conclusion,moststudentsdontknowhowtomakeagood

34、andscientificuseofthelongweekend.I think,to spend a meaningful weekend,we students should plan ourleisurescientifically.Itisnotwisetoplayfortwodays,noritwisetorest,orstudyforsuchalongtime.Weshouldbearinmindthatentertainment,restandstudyshouldalternate.3解决问题式（Howto?）例文：How to Solve the Problem of Ove

35、rpopulationWiththedevelopmentofcivilization,thepopulationhasreachedsixbillionattheendof20th century.Therefore,environmental problems often occur.To solve the problem of overpopulation,we have many ways,but the following ones are most immediate and effective.One way is to conduct family plan to reduc

36、e the birth rate of babies and theemploymentpressurecouldberelieved.However,iftheresonlychildinthefamily,thechild may be spoiled and its hard for him to form complete characteristics.Another approach is toletpeoplegetmarriedlate.Bythismeans,atthesametimetherewillbefewerpeopleinthecontestofemployment

37、orcolleges.Butthisisnotaperfectwayeither.Thismethodjustalleviatestheproblembutcantsolveit.In conclusion,these are not the only two or best ways to solve the problem of overpopulation,but if wecombine thosetwoways,wemayhaveraisethequalitynotthequantityofthepopulation.解决问题要讲究方法，可按时间先后，也可按轻重缓急等排列。基本套路有

38、：模式：_（目前的现象及存在的问题）.Manywayscancontributeto_（要解决的问题），butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall_（方法1）Besides,_（方法2）Finally,_（方法3）Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto.Butitshouldbenotedthat_（使用这些方法时要注意的事项）/（展望）/（总结上述三种方法）练习11.面试在求职过程中的作用2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是.How to

39、Succeed in a Job Interview?How to Succeed in a Job Interview?Nowadays both the interviewee and the interviewer are attaching more and more importance to job interview.As far as the interviewers are concerned,theytend to feel it unscientific to evaluate the competence of the interviewees by justreadi

40、ngtheirwrittenmaterials,suchastheapplicationforms,self-introductions,etc.Afacetofaceinterviewingismorereliableandinformative.As far as the interviewees are concerned,theythinkthattheyalsohavetherighttogettoknowtheemployerandthecompanyinwhichtheyaregoingtowork.,e.g.whatworktheyaregoingtodo,howmuchmon

41、eytheycangetetc.However,many interviewees fail once and again in their job interview.They want to know the secret in job interview.There are many factors that determine the success of the job interview.For example,a clean and tidy appearance will surely attract the attention of theinterviewers;agrac

42、efulmanneriseasytoleaveagoodimpressiononyourwould-beboss.When it comes to thejob,theapplicantshoulddisplayawiderangeofexpertiseandstrongconfidenceinhimself.Nevertheless,besurenottooverstatebutsticktoreality;showyourkeenenthusiasticaboutthejobandyourstrongdesireforobtainingthejoballtheway.Once you ac

43、hieve what is mentioned above,the new job will within your touch.练习练习2 21.1.大学生了解社会的必要性大学生了解社会的必要性2.2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）3.3.我打算怎么做我打算怎么做Getting to Know the World Outside the CampusIt is necessary for college students to know the world outside the campus.Thisisbecausethesocietyisd

44、evelopingsofastthatifwedontkeepaneyeonwhatishappeningoutsidethecampus,wewillhavenoideawhattoearntokeeppacewiththedevelopment.Asaresult,itwillbedifficultforustocontributetothedevelopmentofthesociety.There are many ways for us to get to know the world outside the campus.First of all,weshouldbewellinfo

45、rmedaboutthehappeningsbothathomeandabroadwiththehelpofmassmediasuchasradio,television,newspaper,andtheInternet.Moreover,weshoulddomorepracticalsocialservicessoastocultivateoursocialskills,widenourinsightandenrichoursocialexperience.As for me,Iintendtoparticipateinasmanysocialpracticesaspossibleandat

46、thesametime,holdapart-timehobinmysparetimetogettoknowmoreabouttheworldoutsidethecampus.练习练习4 How I Finance My College Education(00.1)1大学的费用（大学的费用（tuition andfees）可以通过各种途径解决；2哪种途径适合于我。范文1 Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancetheircollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofc

47、oncernformanystudents,especiallythosewhofromtheremoteareas.Actually,there are many ways to solve this problem.Wecangetthemoneyformourparents.Wecanapply foraloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudents.Wecanalsoacquirethemoneyentirelybyourselves,keepingaparttime job in our spare time and doing a full-time j

48、ob in summer and winterholidays.Wecanevenaskourparentsformostofthemoneyandearntherestinoursparetimeincollege,bykeepingapart-timejob.As far as I am concerned,Ipreferthelastway.Idontwanttodependentirelyonmyparents,whichwillbeaburdentothem.NordoIwanttobesobusyworkingparttimethatIhavenotenoughtimestudyi

49、ng.Ontheotherhand,apart-timejobinmysparetimewillmakemycollegeliferichandcolorful.范文2WiththerapiddevelopmentofhighereducationinChina,andmorehighschoolgraduatesadmitted,universitycannolonger be financed exclusively by the government andstudentsmustpayatleastpartlyfortheirschooling.There are various wa

50、ys for a student to pay his tuition and fees.To begin with,ifthestudentisquiteexcellentinhisstudies,hecanapplyforscholarship.Secondly,especially inChina,he can always depend on his parents for all kinds ofexpenditure,includinglivingallowances.Then,hecanchoosetoturntothebankforaloantopayhiseducation,