《园林树木学西农-吉文丽》第四章.ppt
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1、Chapter4Thebasicknowledgeofplantcommunityandculturecommunityinlandscape1DefinitionofplantcommunityThe collection of all organisms that live together on a relativelyuniformareaofland.Aplantcommunitywouldrefertothevegetativeportionofthewholecommunity.Cultivated community is depend on human beings acti
2、vities.Itsformationanddevelopmentaretotallycontrolledbyhumanbeingandtheirmanagementlevel.2Componentandnomenclatureofnaturalcommunity1.Componentofnaturalcommunity自然群落的组成:自然群落的组成:2.Everycommunityarecomposedofcertainplantsandhavetheirphysiognomy:positionofcommunity 群落的组成成分:Community is compose of diffe
3、rent species and the number of every species is unequal.4.5.A dominant species occupies most area in thecommunity6.Itcontrolsthemostcharacteristicofanecologicalcommunityand usually determines the presence,abundance,and type munityphysiognomy(appearance)群群落落的的外外貌貌:群群落落的外貌主要表现在以下几个方面:的外貌主要表现在以下几个方面:AT
4、helifeformofdominantspecies优势种的生活型:优势种的生活型:Life forms of plants are an adaptation to complexenvironmental factors,therefore different habitats wouldhavedifferentplantstructuresandphysiognomy.Plantlifeformsaregroupedintoarbor,shrubandgrassinasimpleway.The appearance of community is depend on the life
5、formofdominantspecies.B Density 密度:is the number of plants per area in the community.The density of plant in community is closely correlation with the appearance of community.如稀疏的松林与浓郁的松林有着不同的形貌。C number of species 种类的多寡:the number of species has a big influence on the appearance of community.例如单纯一种
6、树木的林丛常形成高度一致的线条,而若多种树木生长在一起,则无论在群落立面上或平面上的轮廓、线条都可有不同的变化。Dhueofcolor色相:isthecolorofvariousplantsinthecommunity.例如针叶树林常呈蓝绿色;柳树林呈浅绿色;银白杨树林则呈碧绿与银光闪烁的色相。Eseasonalaspect季相:isthedifferentappearanceofthe same community in same region with differentseasons.例如,春季在岸边到处可见的堇菜、二月兰等蓝堇色的花朵,不久则是蒲公英黄色的花朵布满各处。入夏则羊胡子草的
7、新穗形成一片褐黄色,浮于绿色的叶丝上。暮秋则银白杨的白茅迎风飞舞。即在一年四季之中表现为不同的形色。F Stratification of the community群落的分层现象:Communities usually have a noticeable vertical structure This vertical distribution has an effect on the amount of light that penetrates to lower layers.The gradient of light affects the vertical distribution
8、of plants Layersorstrata,e.g.treesformthecanopy,smallertreesformtheunderstory,shrubslayer,herblayer,forestfloor,andsubterraneanlayer.There are different vertical stratifications in various community.层次少的如荒漠地区的植物常只有一层,层次多的如热带雨林中常达六、七层以上。这种层次的形成是依据植物种的高矮及不同的生态需求形成的。2.Nomenclature of community2.Nomencl
9、ature of community(2 2种)种)Stratified record 分分层层记记载载法法:Communities areoften named after the every layers dominant species,using“+”connect every layers dominant species andusing“-”connectthedominantspecieswithinsamelayer.:coniferous,deciduous,etc.例如樟子松(Pinus)-越桔-藓群落。对在第一层中有两个优势种的樟子松与云杉的混交林,则可写为樟子松+云杉
10、-越桔-藓群落。Simplerecord简简要要记记载载法法:onlychoosetwodominantspeciestorecordthiscommunity.例如:云杉-蕨类群落。二、Componentandnomenclatureofculturecommunity栽栽培群落的组成及命名培群落的组成及命名1.Componentofcultivatedcommunity栽培群落的组成:栽培群落的组成:2.Cultivated community is created by people.It mayconsistofonlyonespecies,ortwospeciesinmixturep
11、lantationormanyspeciesmixedtogether.However,theappearanceofculturecommunityalsodependsonthecomponent,dominantspecies,denseandmannerofcommunity.3.2.Nomenclatureofculturecommunity栽培群落命名:栽培群落命名:Thenameofculturecommunityusuallyaddastructureandusagetermoflandscapebeforedominantspecies.如单纯树种的栽培群落可称为“自然风景式
12、油松纯林”;混交种植的栽培群落有:“林荫道式油松、槭树混交群落”等等。3Thedevelopmentandsuccessionofcommunity群落的生长发育和演替群落的生长发育和演替一、一、ThedevelopmentofcommunityThedevelopmentofcommunity 群落的发育群落的发育CommunityCommunityhashasseveralseveralstagesstagesfromfromformationformationtotowanewaneandandarereplacedbyanothercommunityarereplacedbyanoth
13、ercommunity.1.Initialphaseofcommunity发发育育初初期期:建立这个群落的主要树种还不稳定,群落组成不清楚,个体变化不知道,群体的季相、密度、外貌看不出,群落环境没确定。2.culminatingculminatingstagestage发发育育盛盛期期:随着植物的生长,过了一段时间,主要优势种表现出来,群落的季相、密度、外貌、高度形成,群落环境也确定了。3.Senescencephase发发育育末末期期:群落植物开始衰老,树冠缩小(向心生长),郁闭度缩小,阳光照射进来,风大,温度、湿度改变,环境发生变化,下层灌木、草本不适应而死亡,适合这种环境的树种和新来树种
14、开始生长,这种变化孕育着演替。CLIMAXCOMMUNITY 顶级群落-A relatively stable and undisturbed plant community that has evolved through stages and adapted to its environment.CLIMAX FOREST-Plant community dominated by trees representing the culminating stage of natural succession for that specific locality and environment.
15、CLIMAX SPECIES-Plant species that will remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as the siteremains undisturbed.二、二、Succession群落演替群落演替Succession:Thegradualsupplanting取代取代ofonecommunityofplantsbyanother,thesequenceofcommunitiesbeingtermedasere演替系列演替系列andeachseralstage.N
16、OTE:(1)Aserewhosefirststageisopenwateristermedahydrosere,onewhosefirststageisdryground,axerosere.(2)Successionisprimary(bypioneers)onsitesthathavenotpreviouslybornevegetation,secondaryafterthewholeorpartoftheoriginalvegetationhasbeensupplanted代替代替;allogenic异源异源whenthecausesofsuccessionareexternaltoa
17、ndindependentofthecommunity(e.g.,accretionofsoilbywindorwater,orachangeofclimate);andautogenic自源自源whenthedevelopingvegetationisitselfthecause.l.群落演替的原因有内部矛盾和外部矛盾,但最根本的原因在于森林群落内部矛盾的发展。群落内部矛盾中最主要矛盾是群落优势种与群落生境之间的矛盾。其中,起决定作用的,即矛盾的主要方面是优势种的生物学、生态学特性。事实上,任何群落发生发展过程,都是从具有与群落生境相适应的植物种类完成起迁移、定居过程而开始的。所有外因,如火
18、灾、采伐、开垦、病虫害、风灾,冰川侵移、大气候的变迁等等,都是通过其内部矛盾而起作用的,即引起群落的组成种类或群落生境发生变化,使原来的生境与群落组成种类之间失去了相对统一,导致植物种类发生改变,从而产生了群落演替。Chapter6SurveyandplanningofurbanLandscapetreesSurveyandplanningofurbanLandscapetrees1ImportanceofsurveyonurbanLandscapetreesurbanLandscapetrees树种调查与规划的意义树种调查与规划的意义回顾我国园林发展史,特别是建国以来,在城市园林树种选择方面
19、有许多值得思考的教训。如:上海市飞机场-市区(延安西路),这段路上的行道树是悬铃木1962年改为重阳木(秋季红叶,但有许多吉丁虫)1965年改为枫杨(生长快,树形不正,落叶时间长,扫地困难)1968年换成悬铃木(树荫大,耐城市污染,耐移栽,耐修剪,特别是耐上海气候)。随着生态园林的提出,城市绿化的质量要求提高,植物种类需要丰富,但目前几乎所有城市都存在树木种类贫乏。为解决上述问题,首先做好当地的树种调查工作,摸清家底,总结出各种树种在生长、管理及绿化应用方面的成功经验和失败教训。然后,根据本地各种不同类型园林绿地对树种的要求订出规划。2surveyonurbanLandscapetrees3园
20、林树种的调查园林树种的调查一、一、surveyonurbannaturalcondition城市自然条件的调查城市自然条件的调查Surveyontheecologicalfactorswhichaffect treegrowthandthedevelopment Directfactors直接因子:climate气候、soil土壤、vegetation植被、industrialpollution 工业污染etc.Favorableconditionfortrees:年平均温度、光照、降雨量等土壤类型、pH值、地下水位等植被Unfavorableconditionorcircumstance.:
21、台风、旱风等E.g.thesurveyofChongqingbureauofparksandwoods重庆园林局调查情况(重庆园林局调查情况(1980年)年)Advantagecondition有利条件有利条件:1annualaveragetemperature18.4;2 short winter,not very cold,only 80 days;3 Extreme lowest temperature-2.5,short for frost period4 pH neutralacid soil;5 Rainfall over 1000mml Unfavorableconditiono
22、rcircumstance不利条件不利条件:lmountain city,barren,rocky soilldry city,evaporationrainfall,longer and serious dry season l“Furnaces”city,five months summer from April to September,maximum temperature44lFog City,fog days for 120 days/year,soot排烟尘230吨/公顷.月,超过国家排放标准29倍。当选择树种时,必须考虑到这些不利因素,树种必须能适应这些不利因素。如:臭椿、泡桐
23、、楝树、夹竹桃、构树等。二、二、Surveyonurbangreening城市绿化情况的调查城市绿化情况的调查(摸清家底,做到心中有数)(摸清家底,做到心中有数)E.g.Xian1.Surveyonnaturalvegetationinsuburb郊区自然植被的调查2.Trytofindgoodspeciesfrommountainsaroundcity.临潼骊山54种,华山有146种树种,南五台山有94种,其中猬实、翅刺峨眉蔷薇等当时西安市还没有应用,把有观赏价值的树种引下来。2.Surveyoflandscapetreesonvariousurbangreenspace城市各类绿地树种的调
24、查城市各类绿地树种的调查 sample sample:抽查景点树种丰富,具体调查各树种,分门别类记载。record:record:树种名称、类别(落叶树、常绿树、落叶针叶树、落叶灌木、常绿灌木)、树形、园林用途(行道树、庭荫树等)、生态环境、适应性(耐旱力、耐寒力、耐荫性等)、抗有毒气体能力。proportion proportion 比例比例:常绿树与落叶树比例,阔叶树与针叶树比例,乔木与灌木比例 ancientandfamous 古树名木古树名木:古树名木是有生命的古物,上千年的古树很多。古树的标准不同,一般200300年的树木都应该建立档案,快长树寿命短200年已是古树,慢长树300年不
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