专业英语-英语特点.ppt
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1、MingtianLiTelCollege of Materials and Chemical EngineeringProfessionalEnglishforPostgraduateCharacteristicsofProfessionalEnglish专业英语:professionalEnglishspecializedEnglishspecialtyEnglishPostgraduatespecializedEnglishProfessionalEnglish1.Alargenumberofselectedprofessionalwordsassociatedwithyou2.Appli
2、edtoallkindsofstyleofwritingselectedprofessionalyouneed:scientificpaper,professionalbooks,academicreports,investigationreport,co-operativecontract,etal.ProfessionalEnglishisanEnglishclass,isacombinationofprofessionalknowledgeinEnglishlessons本科生本科生:undergraduatendgrdjt研究生研究生:postgraduate;graduatestud
3、entUndergraduatestudents:大学生大学生;本科生本科生;大学本科同学大学本科同学undergraduatecourse:本科课程本科课程;大学本科课程大学本科课程学士学士:bachelorbtl硕士硕士:master;mastersdegree博士博士:Doctor;Ph.DDoctorofPhilosophyPh.D1.PermanentHeadDamage,永久性脑残,永久性脑残2.PigHasDream,猪也有梦想,猪也有梦想3.PublicHatedDegree,没人喜欢,没人喜欢4.PatientlyHopingforaDegree,耐心等待,耐心等待5.Pat
4、heticHomelessDreamer,可怜又无家可归,但是还有梦想,可怜又无家可归,但是还有梦想6.Professorship?hah!Dreamon!,想要教职?做春秋大梦去吧,想要教职?做春秋大梦去吧7.ProbablyHeadedforDivorce,可能要和另一半分手,可能要和另一半分手8.ParentshaveDebts,父母还会欠债,父母还会欠债9.ProudlyhalfDead,半死了,却很自豪,半死了,却很自豪四川理工学院:四川理工学院:SichuanUniversityofScienceandEngineering美国麻省理工学院:美国麻省理工学院:Massachuset
5、tsInstituteTechnology,mstu:sits南洋理工学院:南洋理工学院:NanyangPolytechnic,plteknk乔治亚理工学院:乔治亚理工学院:GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology武汉理工大学:武汉理工大学:WuhanUniversityofTechnology成都理工大学:成都理工大学:ChengduUniversityofTechnology材料与化学工程学院:材料与化学工程学院:CollegeofMaterialandChemicalEngineering化学与制药工程学院:化学与制药工程学院:SchoolofChemistryandPh
6、armaceuticalEngineering,f:msu:tik()lPolytechnicadj.各种工艺的;综合技术的各种工艺的;综合技术的n.工艺学校;理工专科学校工艺学校;理工专科学校化学工程:化学工程:chemicalengineering化学工艺:化学工艺:chemicaltechnology应用化学应用化学:appliedchemistry;practicalchemistry工业催化:工业催化:industrialcatalysis腐蚀与防护:腐蚀与防护:corrosionandprotection再生资源化工:再生资源化工:renewableresourceschemica
7、lengineering制药工程:制药工程:pharmaceuticalengineeringCharacteristicsofProfessionalEnglishObjective,Accuracy,ConciseLinguisticfeatures:Impersonalpronounandobjectivity(非人称语非人称语气和客观性气和客观性)Passivevoice(被动语态被动语态)Non-predicateverbs(非谓语动词非谓语动词)participle分词分词;gerund动名词动名词;infinitive不不定式定式Nominalization(名词化结构名词化结构
8、)Ellipticalsentence(省略句省略句)patternusage惯用句型惯用句型longandcomplicatedsentences复杂长句复杂长句Characteristics 科学技术的研究对象是科学技术的研究对象是自然界存在的客观实体及自然界存在的客观实体及其变化过程其变化过程,科研人员为了认识客观事物、揭示其内,科研人员为了认识客观事物、揭示其内在的规律性,在进行科学研究时必须采取在的规律性,在进行科学研究时必须采取严肃认真、严肃认真、实事求是实事求是的态度。的态度。在研究工作中,他们习惯于在研究工作中,他们习惯于客观地观察客观地观察和分析问和分析问题,题,重视事物自身
9、的性能、特征和规律重视事物自身的性能、特征和规律,重视研究方,重视研究方法及获得结果的真实性法及获得结果的真实性 因此在论述科技问题时必然会较多地使用无生命因此在论述科技问题时必然会较多地使用无生命的的第三人称语气第三人称语气(非人称语气非人称语气),力求对研究对象和研,力求对研究对象和研究过程做出究过程做出客观而准确客观而准确的陈述。的陈述。ImpersonalpronounandobjectivityAnovelmixed-ligandcomplex,Cd(im)6Cd(im)3(H2O)32(ans)68H2O(1),wasobtainedfromthereactionofCd(OAc)
10、22H2O,imidazole(im)andsodium4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonatetetrahydrate(Na-ans)inamixedsolventat25oC.Thecomplexwascharacterizedbyelementalanalysis,IR,andX-raysinglecrystaldiffraction.TherearetwokindsofcationsconstructedbyCdIIatomswithaoctahedralcoordinationarrangementin1.TheCdIIatomisbondedbysixnitro
11、genatomsfromsiximligandsinthefirstcation,andthesecondcentralCdIIatomisbondedbythreenitrogenatomsofimmoleculesandthreeoxygenatomsbelongingtowatermolecules.Theansanionactsasacounteriontobalancethecharge,andtheadjacentanionsarereversedbutnon-parallelinterlinkedbyNHO(S)hydrogenbondsintographite-like2Dsh
12、eetviewedfromthec axis.Theanionicchannelsalongthe110directionarefilledwiththecations,andthetwokindsofcationsarealternatinglyarrangedinthechannels.Thehydrogen-bondinginteractionstogetherwiththeionicbondsstabilizethecrystalstructure.ThethermostabilityofthecomplexwasinvestigatedbyTGandDSC.Anovelorganos
13、ulfonatecadmium(II)complexwithgraphite-like2Dlayerlinkedbyhydrogenbonds.Z.Anorg.Allg.Chem.2012,638:1335-1339全部是非人称语气,全部是非人称语气,是一个典型的是一个典型的AbstractGraphitizationcharacteristicsofeitherconventionalmalleableirons(纯铁纯铁)andmagnesium-treatedwhiteironshavebeenproposedorreportedinpreviousliterature.However,
14、nodetailedinvestigationhasbeenconductedregardingtheheat-treatmentresponsiveness(响应能力响应能力)ofMg-treatedmalleableirons.Inthispaper,theinfluenceofdifferentfoundryvariables(铸造变量铸造变量,e.g.sectionsize断面断面尺寸尺寸,compositionoftheiron,nodulecount球墨粒数球墨粒数,etc.)onfirst-stageandsecond-stagegraphitizationwasinvestig
15、ated.Magnesiumtreatmentcontributedtoimprovednodularity,uniformnodulesize,uniformnoduledistributionandshorterfirst-stagegraphitizationtime.Empiricalregressionequations(经验回归(经验回归方程)方程)werederivedandindicatedthatthepearlite-ferriteratiointhematrixcanbecontrolledbyvaryingthesecond-stagegraphitizationcoo
16、lingratethroughcriticaltemperaturerange.Thepearlite-ferriteratioalsodependsuponthesectionsizeofthecastings,thecompositionoftheironandthenodulecount.由于专业英语文献陈述的对象是由于专业英语文献陈述的对象是客观事物客观事物,经常,经常使用无生命的使用无生命的第三人称语气第三人称语气和和客观态度客观态度,因此在,因此在语言表述中必然较多地使用以客观事物为主体的语言表述中必然较多地使用以客观事物为主体的被动语态被动语态。如在上一段例句中,六句话就有五处。
17、如在上一段例句中,六句话就有五处使用被动语态,足见其使用率之高。使用被动语态,足见其使用率之高。注意,注意,近年来使用主动语态有渐渐增加的趋势近年来使用主动语态有渐渐增加的趋势PassivevoiceFastactuationspeed,large-shapedeformationandrobustresponsivenessarecriticaltosyntheticsoftactuators.Asimultaneousoptimizationofalltheseaspectswithouttrade-offsremainsunresolved.Herewedescribeporouspol
18、ymeractuatorsthatbendinresponsetoacetonevapor(24kPa,20oC)ataspeedofanorderofmagnitudefasterthanthestate-of-the-art,coupledwithalarge-scalelocomotion.Theyaremeanwhilemulti-responsivetowardsavarietyoforganicvaporsinboththedryandwetstates,thusdistinctivefromthetraditionalgelactuationsystemsthatbecomein
19、activewhendried.Theactuatoriseasy-to-makeandsurvivesevenafterhydrothermalprocessing(20oC,24h)andpressing-pressure(100MPa)treatments.Inaddition,thebeneficialresponsivenessistransferable,beingabletoturninertobjectsintoactuatorsthroughsurfacecoating.Thisadvancedactuatorarisesfromtheuniquecombinationofp
20、orousmorphology,gradientstructureandtheinteractionbetweensolventmoleculesandactuatormaterials.Aninstantmulti-responsiveporouspolymeractuatordrivenbysolventmoleculesorptionNATURECOMMUNICATIONSTheemploymentofamonomer-specific“on/offswitch”wasusedtosynthesizeanine-blockcopolymerwithapredeterminedmolecu
21、larweightandnarrowdistribution(=1.26)inonly2.5h.Themonomersconsistedofasix-memberedcycliccarbonate(i.e.,2-allyloxymethyl-2-ethyl-trimethylenecarbonate(AOMEC)and-caprolactone(CL),whichwerecatalyzedby1,5,7-triazabicyclo4.4.0-dec-5-ene(TBD).Thedependenceofpolymerizationratewithtemperaturewasdifferentfo
22、rthetwomonomers.Undersimilarreactionconditions,theratiooftheapparentrateconstantofAOMECandCLkpapp(AOMEC)/kpapp(CL)changesfrom400atT=40oCto50atT=30oCand10atT=100oC.Therefore,bydecreasingthecopolymerizationtemperaturefrom30oCto40oC,theconversionofCLcanbeswitched“off”,andbyincreasingthetemperatureto30o
23、C,theconversionofCLcanbeswitched“on”again.TheadditionofAOMECatT=40oCresultsintheformationofapurecarbonateblock.ThecyclicadditionofAOMECtoasolutionofCLalongwithasimultaneoustemperaturechangeleadstotheformationofmultiblockcopolymers.Thisresultprovidesanewstraightforwardsyntheticroutetodegradablemultib
24、lockcopolymers,yieldingnewinterestingmaterialswithendlessstructuralpossibilities.MacromolecularDesignviaanOrganocatalytic,Monomer-SpecificandTemperature-Dependent“On/OffSwitch”.HighPrecisionSynthesisofPolyester/PolycarbonateMultiblockCopolymersMacromoleculesThestructureofamaterialcanbeinvestigatedon
25、severallevels材料的组织结构可以在几个层次上进行研究。材料的组织结构可以在几个层次上进行研究。Afterthehot-workedsurfacehasbeencleanedandoxidesremoved,themetalcanbecoldworkedtogivethefinaldimensionsandproperties在对经过热加工的金属表面进行清洁和除去氧化物在对经过热加工的金属表面进行清洁和除去氧化物后,可对金属进行冷加工得到最后的尺寸和性能。后,可对金属进行冷加工得到最后的尺寸和性能。Inforgingprocessacontinuous“grainflow”canbe
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