专业四级语法冲刺.ppt
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1、专业级四语法冲刺V.非谓语动词i.不定式和动名词的区别动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting爬山很有趣。(经验)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(经验)Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)如果主语是以a
2、im,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。ii.谓语动词还是非谓语动词对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构,如:Allthings_becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.A.hadbeencancel
3、edB.havebeencanceledC.werecanceledD.havingbeencanceledAtlast,wefoundourselvesinapleasantparkwithtreesprovidingshadeand_downtoeatourpicniclunch.A.sittingB.havingsatC.tositD.satIsendyou100dollarstoday,therest_inayear.A.followsB.willfollowC.tofollowD.beingfollowedIfthebuildingproject_bytheendofthismont
4、hisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completedNoonehadtoldSmithabout_alecturethefollowingday.A.therebeingB.therebeC.therewouldbeD.therewasJack_fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.A.hasbeenmissingB.hasbeenmissedC.hadbeenmiss
5、ingD.wasmissed独立结构分词独立结构:一般分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语,但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名/代词,n./pron.+分词的结构就是独立(主格)结构。Anewtechnique_,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20%.Answer:havingbeenworkedout.独立结构:(不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同)该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobewo
6、rkedoutlater.1.结构:(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)Withyoustandingthere,wecantwork.Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat.with/without引导的独立结构,有时有分词,有时无分词,但可看作省略了分词being.Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.Hewanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.2.结构:S1,S2.(S1和S2的主语不一致)Weatherperm
7、itting(Ifweatherpermits),wellplaybasketballtomorrow.Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.Theywalkedinthegarden,littlebirdssinginghappilyinthetree.Theoldmanwassittingatthetable,thenewspaperspreadbefor
8、ehim.Itbeingrainy,theyhadtocallofftheirtrip.3.省去being或分词后,由n./pron.+adj./adv./介词短语构成。Heenteredtheroom,hisnose(being)redwithcold.Themeal(being)over,hewenttohisofficeagain.Hestoodindoorway,ahat(held)inhishand.Club(held/being)inhand,thepolicemanranafterthethief.iii.非谓语动词常考的其它结构1.不定式的特殊结构构成:疑问代词、副词及whet
9、her/if+todo常跟疑问代词、副词及whether/if+todo作宾语的v.有ask,consider,decide,discover,discuss,explain,findout,inquire,forget,know,learn,remember,show(演示),tell,think,understand,wonder.Istilldontknowwhomtoturntoforhelp.Theyaretryingtofindouthowtosolvetheproblem.Showmewheretoputthebooks.Theyhaventdecidedyet(asto)whe
10、thertoacceptourofferofhelp.2.Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore等名词+(in)doingsth.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.3.go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪)4.Thereis
11、no+doing.(Thereisno表示”不可能”)Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的.Thereisnodenying(thefact)thatwomenareplayinganimportantroleintheworldtoday.Thereisnojokingaboutthismatter.这事开不得玩笑(1)Thereisnopointindoingsth.做某事没有意义Thereisntmuchpoint(in)repairingthatoldcaragain.(2)Thereisnogainindoingsth.做某事没
12、有好处Thereisnogaininbeingcruel/rudetopeople.iv.非谓语动词的时态1.不定式的时态如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后(或与之同时发生或将要发生),用一般时Heisdeterminedtoworkhardernextterm.如不定式(动态动词)表示的动作与谓语动作发生在同一时间,用进行时Theyseemtobehavingameeting.不定式动作先于谓语动作,用完成式HeissaidtohavetranslatedmanyarticlesintoEnglish.2.动名词的时态完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用havingdoneHewaspr
13、aisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohiscountry.Hishavingbeenelectedchairmanoftheclubsurprisedusgreatly.Thepictureremindedusofhavingbeentakentothezoo.3.现在分词的时态(1)现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。WorkingtogetherwithDr.White,welearntalotfromhim.(2)现在分词的完成式,表示动作发生在谓语之前,常用作状语表时间或原因。Nothavingdoneitright,Itried
14、again.A、有些现在分词由不及物动词变来,只表示一个动作已完成;无被动意义.fallenleaves,theexplodedbomb,aretiredminer,escapedprisoners,therisensun.B.时间关系不同。现在分词表示的动作正在进行,而过去分词表示的往往已完成。thechangingworld-thechangedworldboilingwater-boiledwaterdevelopingcountries-developedcountries4.过去分词与现在分词的时间Havingatripabroadacertaingoodfortheoldcoupl
15、e,butitremains_whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seenWalterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheofficebutourwork_,werefusedtheoffer.A.notfinishingB.hadnotbeenfinishedC.nothavingfinishedD.notbeingfinishedv.非谓语动词的语态1.分词的语态(1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意.(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事.Theroomf
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