专业英语语法：Coordination.ppt

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1、Coordinationn nCoordinationI.CoordinatorsI.Coordinatorsn nAnd and related coordinatorsn nOr and related coordinatorsn nBut and related coordinatorsII.Punctuation between coordinated unitsII.Punctuation between coordinated unitsn nSubordinationSubordinatorsSubordinatorsSubordinate clausesSubordinate

2、clausesn nFinite subordinate clausesn nNon-finite and verbless clausesn nCoordination is typically realized by coordinators(also termed coordinating conjunctions)which join units at the same level,whereas subordination,realized by subordinators(also termed subordinating conjunctions),involves the li

3、nking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy.n nA subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.The difference between coordination and subordination also lies in the amount of importance the speaker wishes to attach to the joined constituents.

4、The syntactic equality between the coordinated units tends to bring with it the semantic equality.n nIn a typical case of coordination,the relation between the two units is practically reversible:n nPeter and Susann n=Susan and Petern nPeter is a doctor and Susan is a nurse.n n=Susan is a nurse and

5、Peter is a doctor.n nIn subordination,however,the subordinate clause tends to offer the background information in support of the main clausea semantic hierarchy that results from the syntactic inequality:n nWell have a picnic if its fine tomorrow.n nBecause they had finished their work,they went bac

6、k home.1)Central coordinators:and,or,but2)Correlative coordinators:both.and,either.or,not.but,neither.nor,not only.but also3)Semi-coordinators:nor,so,yet4)Quasi-coordinators:as well as,as much as,rather than,more thana.And and related coordinatorsn nOther coordinators which are able to perform a sim

7、ilar function include:both.and,not only.but also,as well as,not.or,not.nor,neither.nor,etc.:1)I gave her a cup of tea and some biscuits.2)Both my wife and I will be coming to see you a week today.3)She is not only pretty but also intelligent.4)He gave me money as well as advice.5)Not a fly nor a mos

8、quito was to be found.6)He doesnt like football or basketball.7)He neither smokes nor drinks.n nDifferent meaning of Different meaning of andand1)The professor went into the classroom,opened 1)The professor went into the classroom,opened his notebook,his notebook,andand started the lecture.started t

9、he lecture.(chronological sequence of events)(chronological sequence of events)2)He heard his dog bark at the door,2)He heard his dog bark at the door,andand he he looked out of the window only to find that his looked out of the window only to find that his house was surrounded by a large crowd of a

10、ngry house was surrounded by a large crowd of angry people.people.(cause and effect)(cause and effect)3)Work harder 3)Work harder andand youll pass the test.youll pass the test.(condition)(condition)4)Liz is talkative 4)Liz is talkative andand her husband is reserved.her husband is reserved.(contras

11、t)(contrast)5)English is difficult to learn,5)English is difficult to learn,andand so is French.so is French.(similarity)(similarity)6)He is a chain smoker,6)He is a chain smoker,andand he stinks all over.he stinks all over.(addition)(addition)7)She ran 7)She ran andand ran until she was out of brea

12、th.ran until she was out of breath.(repeated or continuing action)(repeated or continuing action)n nIn informal English,In informal English,andand is commonly used is commonly used after after come,go,try,waitcome,go,try,wait,etc.as an etc.as an alternative to the infinitive marker alternative to th

13、e infinitive marker toto,to,to suggest purpose:suggest purpose:n nCome and haveCome and have tea with us.tea with us.n nIll Ill go and seego and see if shes OK.if shes OK.n nLets Lets wait and seewait and see.n nTry and getTry and get some coffee.some coffee.n nStay and haveStay and have dinner with

14、 us,will you?dinner with us,will you?n nWe ought to We ought to stop and thinkstop and think.n nHurry up and getHurry up and get dressed.dressed.b.Or and related coordinatorsWhen we useWhen we use oror,we usually talk about,we usually talk about alternatives:alternatives:1)Which do you prefer,tea 1)

15、Which do you prefer,tea oror coffee?coffee?2)We have the alternative of going 2)We have the alternative of going oror staying.staying.3)Which John would you like to talk to,with 3)Which John would you like to talk to,with oror without beard?without beard?4)Do it now,4)Do it now,oror youre fired.your

16、e fired.5)Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place 5)Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place such as Venice,such as Venice,or or Florence,Florence,oror somewhere like somewhere like that.that.n nEither.or usually relates to two possibilities only and emphasizes the exclusive meaning of or:1)Y

17、ou can either come with me or stay at home.2)Either you do it now,or youre fired.n nOrOr is also found in some established is also found in some established expressions,where it still introduces an expressions,where it still introduces an alternative:alternative:1)Give me five minutes 1)Give me five

18、 minutes or soor so and Ill finish the and Ill finish the work.(about five minutes/five minutes or more)work.(about five minutes/five minutes or more)2)Clean up the mess,2)Clean up the mess,or elseor else!(used as a threat)!(used as a threat)3)You may stay here for a day 3)You may stay here for a da

19、y or twoor two.(a day or more/at least a day)(a day or more/at least a day)4)The tribe was called Milwaukee 4)The tribe was called Milwaukee or somethingor something.(showing that the speaker is not sure)(showing that the speaker is not sure)c.But and related coordinatorsn nAs a coordinator,but expr

20、esses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by yet,while,whereas,etc.1)They are poor but/yet proud.2)I am objecting to his morals,but/yet not to his manners.3)We had intended to come and see you,but/yet it rained.4)He is not brave but bold.5)You like sports,while/whereas/but/yet

21、Id rather read.6)While/Whereas they want a house,we would rather live in a flat.2.Punctuation between coordinated unitsn nWhat I need after a days hard work is a hot shower,a cigarette and a nice cup of coffee.n nHe didnt play football,basketball or volleyball.n nHe was He was tall,dark and handsome

22、tall,dark and handsome.n nThe room is The room is small,clean and cozy.small,clean and cozy.n n(When adjectives come in the predicative(When adjectives come in the predicative position,we usually put position,we usually put andand before the last one)before the last one)n n a small,clean,cozy room a

23、 small,clean,cozy roomn n a tall,dark,handsome man a tall,dark,handsome mann n(With these gradable adjectives in the attributive(With these gradable adjectives in the attributive position,which denote qualities,we often use position,which denote qualities,we often use commas between them)commas betw

24、een them)1)the countrys 1)the countrys social,economic and politicalsocial,economic and political crisis crisis2)Asian,European and African2)Asian,European and African cultures cultures(the adjectives relate to the same system of(the adjectives relate to the same system of classification)classificat

25、ion)3)a 3)a pink Indian cottonpink Indian cotton dress dress4)a 4)a red carved French wooden cardred carved French wooden card tables tables5)a 5)a new red American sports utilitynew red American sports utility car car(adjectives of different classifying systems)(adjectives of different classifying systems)