临床药师在儿科门诊药房窗口开展药学服务的研究.pptx
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1、处方点评1:处方号16195292,患者,女,4岁,肛肠科,临床诊断:肛管炎:硫酸庆大霉素片4万U,3次/日;口服庆大霉素也有耳毒性么?口服庆大霉素也有耳毒性么?抗菌药物临床应用指导原则记载,氨基糖苷类抗生素有明显耳、肾毒性,小儿患者应尽量避免应用。临床有明确应用指征且又无其他毒性低的抗菌药物可供选用时,方可选用该类药物,并在治疗过程中严密观察不良反应。庆大霉素口服后很少吸收,但致耳聋报道并不鲜见。文献记载,我国有听力残疾2000万人,其中60%80%为氨基糖苷类药物中毒所致。氨基糖苷类抗生素致聋可分为两类,一类因接受了毒性剂量而致聋;另一类则与遗传因素相关。国内外学者均证实:线粒体基因第15
2、55位点A-G的均值性点突变和氨基糖苷类诱导的耳聋关系非常密切。即带有线粒体A1555G点突变基因,哪怕是仅接受常规剂量或仅一次接触氨基糖苷类即可致不可逆的听力损失。这类耳聋占全部氨基糖苷类抗生素致聋患者的30%左右。口服庆大霉素也有耳毒性么?口服庆大霉素也有耳毒性么?口服庆大霉素在健康肠道的确吸收很少,但是当肠道发生炎症特别是广泛炎症性病变、溃疡性病变时,口服后吸收入血的量就会大大增加,所以仍有听力下降的风险。尽量不用日剂量的高限长期治疗不能超过两周合用红霉素、万古霉素、阿司匹林、吲哚美辛、呋塞米时需加强监测。处方点评2:处方号16375537,患者,男,6岁,儿科,临床诊断:胃炎。处方:胃
3、得安片0.46g,3次/日;双歧杆菌四联活菌片1g,3次/日;硫糖铝咀嚼片0.25g,3次/日,奥美拉唑肠溶片(10mg/片)5mg,1次/日,均连用5天。奥美拉唑肠溶片能不能掰开?可掰开=可碾碎?处方点评3:处方号16160959,患者,男,9岁,儿科,临床诊断:支气管炎/胃肠炎。处方:多潘立酮分散片5mg,3次/日;西咪替丁片0.2g,3次/日;克拉霉素胶囊0.25g,2次/日 盐酸氨溴索片30mg,3次/日,均连用2天。均为均为CYP3A4底物底物!CYP3A4强抑强抑制剂制剂阿扎那韦氯霉素克拉霉素福沙那伟茚地那韦异烟肼伊曲康唑酮康唑洛匹那韦奈法唑酮奈非那韦尼卡地平泊沙康唑沙奎那韦伏立康
4、唑波生坦卡马西平地塞米松依曲韦林灰黄霉素米托坦莫达非尼奈夫西林奈韦拉平奥卡西平戊巴比妥苯巴比妥苯妥英钠扑痫酮利福布汀利福平强强诱诱导导剂剂多潘立酮多潘立酮&西咪替丁?西咪替丁?CYP3A4 Inhibitors(Moderate):May decrease the metabolism of CYP3A4 Substrates.Risk C:Monitor therapyCYP3A4 Inhibitors(Strong):May decrease the metabolism of CYP3A4 Substrates.Risk D:Consider therapy modification西咪
5、替丁是西咪替丁是CYP3A4中等程度抑制剂中等程度抑制剂:多潘立酮&克拉霉素国家处方集记载,多潘立酮“与红霉素、甘露醇联用可提高疗效。”多潘立酮说明书则要求,“不宜与唑类抗真菌药如酮康唑、伊曲康唑,大环内酯类抗生素如红霉素,HIV蛋白酶抑制剂类抗艾滋病药物及奈法唑酮等合用。”克拉霉素相关资料显示:Major inhibitor of CYP3A4:Use caution with any agents with substantial metabolism through the CYP3A4 pathway;high potential for drug interactions exist
6、s.在大环内酯类抗生素中,克拉霉素与红霉素同属CYP3A4强抑制剂,他们与多潘立酮的相互作用尤应注意。多潘立酮致QT延长综合症的研究现状 Altered cardiac conduction:Canadian Boxed Warning:Domperidone may be associated with an increased risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death,particularly with doses 30 mg or when used in patients 60 years of ag
7、e.QTc prolongation,life-threatening tachyarrhythmias(eg,torsade de pointes),and cardiac arrest have been reported after use;these adverse effects may be precipitated in patients with preexisting prolonged cardiac conduction or other underlying cardiac disease,hypokalemia,or receiving other QTc-prolo
8、nging agents.Avoid use in patients with diagnosed or suspected congenital long QT syndrome.Initiate therapy at the lowest dose possible.The American College of Gastroenterology guidelines recommend baseline and follow-up ECGs and avoiding use if corrected QT is 470 msec in male patients or 450 msec
9、in female patients(Camilleri,2013).多潘立酮与致QT综合症风险药物合用时:Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents:Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents.Risk X:Avoid combinationModerate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents:May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect o
10、f other Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents.Management:Avoid such combinations when possible.Use should be accompanied by close monitoring for evidence of QT prolongation or other alterations of cardiac rhythm.Risk D:Consider therapy modificationQTc-Prolonging Agents(Indeterminate Risk and Risk Modi
11、fying):May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents.Risk C:Monitor therapy克拉霉素相关资料显示:Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents:May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of other Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents.Management:Avoid such combinations when possible.Use should be a
12、ccompanied by close monitoring for evidence of QT prolongation or other alterations of cardiac rhythm.Risk D:Consider therapy modification西咪替丁&大环内酯类:国家处方集(929页)记载,西咪替丁升高红霉素的血浆药物浓度(增加毒性发生的危险,其中包括耳聋)。国内文献报道,西咪替丁抑制肝药酶,减少红霉素的代谢;还可能通过抑制胃酸分泌,促进红霉素的胃肠道吸收。总之,两药同时应用会使红霉素血药浓度水平升高,可能导致红霉素的可逆性听损伤。克拉霉素与西咪替丁:CYP3
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