戏剧简介英文.pptx

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1、DramaDramaDramaisthespecificmodeoffictionrepresentedinperformance.ThetermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaningactionwhichisderivedfromtodo.Theenactmentofdramaintheatre,performedbyactorsonastagebeforeanaudience,presupposes(预先假定)collaborative（合作的）modesofproductionandacollectiveformofreception.Thestructureofdrama

2、tictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythiscollaborativeproductionandcollectivereception第1页/共14页History of Western dramaHistory of Western dramaClassical Athenian dramaWesterndramaoriginatesinclassicalGreece.Thetheatricalcultureofthecity-stateofAthensproducedthreegenresofdrama:t

3、ragedy,comedy,andthesatyrplay(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧,萨堤罗斯滑稽剧).Theiroriginsremainobscure,thoughbythe5thcenturyBCEtheywereinstitutionalisedincompetitionsheldaspartoffestivitiescelebratingthegodDionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力和丰饶之神）.第2页/共14页SatyrplaySatyrplayswereanancientGreekformoftragicomedy,similarinspirittob

4、urlesque(讽刺作品).Theyfeaturedchorusesofsatyrs,werebasedonGreekmythology,andwererifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,sightgags,andgeneralmerriment.SatyricdramawasoneofthethreevarietiesofAtheniandrama,theothertwobeingtragedyandcomedy.ItcanbetracedbacktoPratinasofPhlius,circa500BC.Papposilenusp

5、layingthecrotals,theatricaltypeofthesatyrplay第3页/共14页Roman dramaRoman dramaFollowingtheexpansionoftheRomanRepublic(50927BCE)intoGreekbetween270240BCE,RomeencounteredGreekdrama.FromthelateryearsoftherepublicandtheRomanEmpire(27BCE-476CE),theatrespreadwestacrossEurope,aroundtheMediterraneanandreachedE

6、ngland;Romantheatrewasmorevaried,extensiveandsophisticatedthanthatofanyculturebeforeit.WhileGreekdramacontinuedtobeperformedthroughouttheRomanperiod,theyear240BCEmarksthebeginningofregularRomandrama.ThefirstimportantworksofRomanliteraturewerethetragediesandcomediesthatLiviusAndronicuswrotefrom240BCE

7、.MedievalMedievalIntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacular(本地语言)languagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy(礼拜仪式).Mysteryplayswerepresentedontheporchofthecathedralsorbystrollingplayersonfeastdays.第4页/共14页 Elizabethan and JacobeanElizabethan and JacobeanOneofthegreatfloweringsofdram

8、ainEnglandoccurredinthe16thand17thcenturies.Manyoftheseplayswerewritteninverse,particularlyiambicpentameter(抑扬格五步音).InadditiontoShakespeare,suchauthorsasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasMiddletonwereprominentplaywrightsduringthisperiod.Asinthemedievalperiod,historicalplayscelebratedthelivesofpastkings,enhan

9、cingtheimageoftheTudormonarchy.AuthorsofthisperioddrewsomeoftheirstorylinesfromGreekmythologyandRomanmythologyorfromtheplaysofeminentRomanplaywrights.Modern and postmodernModern and postmodernThepivotalandinnovativecontributionsofthe19th-centuryNorwegiandramatistHenrikIbsenandthe20th-centuryGermanth

10、eatrepractitionerBertoltBrechtdominatemoderndrama;eachinspiredatraditionofimitators,whichincludemanyofthegreatestplaywrightsofthemodernera.第5页/共14页Dramatic structureDramatic structureDramaticstructureisthestructureofadramaticworksuchasaplayorfilm.Manyscholarshaveanalyzeddramaticstructure,beginningwi

11、thAristotleinhisPoetics.Exposition or IntroductionTheexpositionprovidesthebackgroundinformationneededtoproperlyunderstandthestory,suchastheprobleminthebeginningofthestory.Rising actionThebasicinternalconflictiscomplicatedbytheintroductionofrelatedsecondaryconflicts,includingvariousobstaclesthatfrust

12、ratetheprotagonistsattempttoreachhisgoal.ClimaxThethirdactistheclimax,orturningpoint,whichmarksachange,forthebetterortheworse,intheprotagonistsaffairs.Ifthestoryisacomedy,thingswillhavegonebadlyfortheprotagonistsfirstly;andthenthingswillbegintogowellforthem.Ifthestoryisatragedy,thingswilgofromgoodto

13、badfortheprotagonists.Simplyput,thisiswherethemostdramaticpart.第6页/共14页Falling actionSummary:Thefallingactionisthatpartofthestoryinwhichthemainparthasfinishedandyoureheadingtotheconclusion.DnouementThednouementservesastheconclusionofthestory.Thecomedyendswithadnouementinwhichtheprotagonistisbetterof

14、fthanatthestorysoutset.Thetragedyendswithacatastropheinwhichtheprotagonistisworseoffthanatthebeginningofthenarrative.Moremodernworksmayhavenodnouement,becauseofaquickorsurpriseending.第7页/共14页Classification of dramaClassification of dramaThetwomasksassociatedwithdramarepresentthetraditionalgeneric（通称

15、）divisionbetweencomedyandtragedy.TheyaresymbolsoftheancientGreekMuses（缪斯，司文艺、音乐、美术的女神）,Thalia（赛利尔，喜剧的女神）andMelpomene（黑尔波墨涅，司悲剧之缪斯）.ThaliawastheMuseofcomedy(thelaughingface),whileMelpomenewastheMuseoftragedy(theweepingface).第8页/共14页TragedyTragedyisaformofartbasedonhumansufferingthatoffersitsaudiencep

16、leasure.Tragedyreferstoaspecifictraditionofdramathathasplayedauniqueandimportantrolehistoricallyintheself-definitionofWesterncivilisation.themasterpiecesoftheartofdramaThe masterpieces of Tragedies:The classical Athenian tragedies:Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）:The Persians波斯人 Seven against Thebes七将攻拜忒The Supplia

17、nts 乞援者The Oresteia 俄瑞斯忒亚Agamemnon阿迦门农 The Libation Bearers奠酒人The Eumenides复仇女神 Prometheus Bound普罗米修斯Sophocles（索福克里斯）：Oedipus the King,俄狄浦斯王Antigone安提戈涅Euripides（欧里庇底斯）：medea美狄亚The Trojan Women特洛伊妇女第9页/共14页The early modern tragedies:IntheEnglishlanguage,themostfamousandmostsuccessfultragediesarethos

18、eofWilliamShakespeareandhisElizabethancontemporaries.Shakespearestragediesinclude:Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克莉奥佩克拉Coriolanus科里奥兰纳斯Hamlet哈姆雷特Julius Caesar朱利叶斯凯撒King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Othello奥赛罗Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶Timon of Athens雅典的泰门Titus Andronicus泰特斯安特洛尼克斯The modern tragedies:Christopher Marlowe:Th

19、e Tragical History of Doctor FaustusTamburlaineJohn Webster:The Duchess of MalfiThe White Devil第10页/共14页ComedyComedyasapopularmeaning,isanyhumorousdiscourseorworkgenerallyintendedtoamusebycreatinglaughter.Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬):Comedystartedfrom425BCE,Aristophanes,acomicplaywrightandsatiricalauthorofth

20、eAncientGreekTheaterwrote40comedies,suchasThe Frogs,11ofwhichsurviveandarestillbeingperformed.Comediesusuallyalsohaveelementsofthesupernatural,typicallymagicand,fortheAncientGreeks,thegods.Comedyincludestheunrealisticinordertoportraytherealistic.FortheGreeks,allcomediesendedhappilywhichisoppositeoft

21、ragedy,whichendssadly.第11页/共14页Shakespearean and Elizabethan comedyComedy,initsElizabethanusage,hadaverydifferentmeaningfrommoderncomedy.AShakespeareancomedyisonethathasahappyending,usuallyinvolvingmarriagesbetweentheunmarriedcharacters,andatoneandstylethatismorelight-heartedthanShakespearesotherplays.ThemasterpiecesofShakespeareancomedies:The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦Twelfth Night第十二夜The Winters Tale冬天的故事The Tempest暴风雨第12页/共14页Thank You！第13页/共14页感谢您的观看！第14页/共14页