托福阅读技巧完整六.pptx
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1、READING考试形式 题目类型评分标准 高分技巧(问题形式、典型提问、做题技巧、真题演练)第1页/共59页考试形式文章数量:3-5篇字数:700要求:快速阅读+精确理解题目数量:每篇文章12-14题单题分值:1-4分(重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分)文体:解释说明型;立论型;历史题材型速度要求:100 words/min第2页/共59页题目类型 1.Factual information questions(事实信息题)2.Negative factual information questions(非事实信 息题)3.Inference questions(推理题)4.Rhe
2、torical purpose questions(修辞目的题)5.Vocabulary questions(词汇题)6.Reference questions(指代题)7.Sentence simplification questions(句子简化题)8.Insert text question(句子插入题)9.Prose summary(文章总结题)10.Fill in a table(表格归类题)第3页/共59页评分标准(1)新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇1214道题,如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分.在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total poi
3、nts”。除文章总结题和表格归类题以外,每道题的分值都是1分。文章总结题的分值是2分;表格归类题是为3或4分。考试所得分数范围:0-30分.第4页/共59页评分标准(2)正确数 得分 正确数 得分 正确数 得分 45 30 33 19 21 8 44 29 32 18 20 8 43 29 31 17 19 7 42 28 30 16 18 7 41 27 29 16 17 6 40 26 28 15 16 6 39 25 27 14 15 5 38 24 26 13 14 5 37 23 25 12 13 4 36 22 24 11 12 4 35 21 23 10 11 3 34 20 2
4、2 9 10 3 9 2 6 1 3 0 8 2 5 0 2 0 7 1 4 0 1 0 第5页/共59页做题方法 各类题型特征及解题方法(1)WORD 1各类题型特征及解题方法(2)WORD 2第6页/共59页高分技巧 1 Factual information questions(事实信息题/细节题)问题形式:主要集中于事实、细节、定义或者作者阐述的其他信息。一般只对应文章某一部分或者某个段落的1至2句话。主要涉及因果关系、比较级、类比、概念等针对题目去看选项,与文章矛盾或未提及的删除。第7页/共59页典型提问方式According to the paragraph,which of th
5、e following is true of X?According to the paragraph,X occurred because According to the paragraph,X did Y becauseAccording to the paragraph,why did X do Y?The authors description of X mentions which of the following?第8页/共59页做题技巧 定位原文1 问题指明的段落2 问题中的标志词(人名/地名/数字/年代/大写词/斜体词/带引号词/专业术语)3 问题中的关键词(核心名词/名词词
6、组/动词/形容词,但在原文中可能出现形式为同义词,同根词,反义词。)同义替换 定位原文具体句子,将选项与原文对比。第9页/共59页真题演练段2:The nation enters a new era of road development.It is Land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.问:According to the passage,why did states need private companies help in road building
7、?A.The states were unable to build roads themselves financially.(同义替换?)B.the states did not have as much equipment as private companies.(同义替换?)unable to finance road construction,and states turned for help to private companies.第10页/共59页高分技巧 2 Negative factual information questions(非事实信息题/否定事实信息题)问题形
8、式:又称EXCEPT 列举题,即排除列举题。要求判断哪些信息的是对的(true),哪些信息是错的(false),哪些是未提及的(not given)。题目中常会见大写的“NOT”或“EXCEPT”第11页/共59页典型提问方式According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X?The authors description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT 第12页/共59页做题技巧(无需真题演练)看题干找关键词 问题中有关键词:用其定位原文,再将4选项与定位的句子进
9、行比较。(无关键词,可以定位于上一题对应段落的后面那个段。)阅读4个选项 题干中没有线索,阅读4选项,总结共同点进行定位,或根据各个选项中的关键词一一定位。排除与原文相符的选项 将选项与原文比较,找出与原文矛盾或未提到的。第13页/共59页高分技巧 3 Inference questions(推理题)问题形式:涉及文中没有直接或明确表达出来的观点或立场。若文章陈述了一个事件的结果,推论类问题将问原因是什么;若文章出现了一个对比,将问对比的基础是什么。常见:infer/imply/suggest/most likely/least likely/probably 第14页/共59页典型提问方式W
10、hich of the following can be inferred about X?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?The author of the passage implies X It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following(about X)?第15页/共59页做题技巧直接对比推理 题目若问其中一个事物的特征时,只要选项中的内容与题目在 对
11、比,那么直接删除此项。时间对比推理(属于最简单类型)题目若问时间段的特征时,只要选项中的时间段与题目相反,那么直接删除此项。集合概念推理 2个相对的方面。当1方比例减少,另1方比例增多;反之亦然。(注4选项各增减程度,不一定出现数字,而是通过否定或肯定体现程度。)第16页/共59页真题演练 直接对比推理段2:Some nations,especially those who colors and emblems date back several hundred years,have different flags for different official uses.For example
12、,the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half.The Unlike the familiar plain flag flown on land,the ensign has a red shield with a white eagle centered on its upper white stripe.问:Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Polish flag flow
13、n on land?(根据题目中的关键词the Polish flag flown on land去直接定位段中的句子,显然A.B.C.D.其中一个选项的含义与段2的最后一句相同。第17页/共59页真题演练 集合概念推理段3:A folk culture is a small,isolated,段4:In contrast,a popular culture is a large group,often very individualistic and always changing.It 问:What does the author suggest about the United Stat
14、es and Canada?(题目中谈到folk culture 与popular culture之间的对比。既然美加不再存在前者,自然后就有了。)A.They seldom treasure individualism.B.They cherish folk cultures.C.They have popular cultures.D.They exhibit no social classes.第18页/共59页高分技巧 4 Rhetorical purpose questions(修辞目的题)问题形式:考查是否理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊方式陈述一个特别信息。(选项
15、中常见:to inform 提供信息/define下定义/explain解释/illustrate例证/compare比较/contrast对比/criticize批评/refute反驳)考核内容类型:1 段与段之间的联系 2 针对一个具体细节 3 提到某一特别信息的原因第19页/共59页典型提问方式The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to.Why does the author mention X?The author uses X as an example of In paragraph X,the author explains
16、 the concept of X by What is the function of discussion of the terms X in paragraph X?What is the purpose of paragraph X?In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other?第20页/共59页做题技巧(1)段落关系(两个段落之间的联系)比如第一段给出一个理论,第二段对这一理论进行例证(illustrate)或者反驳(refute)。例证(illustrate;explain;provide examples)对比
17、(contrast)驳斥(refute;criticize;challenge;cast doubt on)第21页/共59页真题演练段2:Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect coasts is to build protective structures such as sea walls or others.These structures have been tired in a number of places along the U.S.coastline.段3:The problem with defensive
18、 structures is that they often do not work.One study,in fact,has shown that these structures accelerate the erosion of beaches.Not only that,they can be unsightly,destroying the natural beauty of beaches.问:In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other?(注意顺序为先段2后段3)第22页/共59页做题技巧(2)举例说明概述类
19、型1:虽然段落中出现for example引出很长的例子,但我们需要绕过例子看例子前面的那个概述句子。所以,选项中对这个概述进行替换的就是答案。(注:有时例子贯穿几段或全文来说明1个主题)类型2:有时文中无举例词,例子与概述合二为一,答案通常在主句和从句之中,或者出现在同一个分句。(建议先定位题目关键词,再看其后面的句子。)第23页/共59页真题演练Some nations,especially those who colors and emblems date back several hundred years,have different flags for different offi
20、cial uses.For example,the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half.The 问:Why does the author mention the two flags of Poland?(A.B.C.D.其中有一个选项,肯定必然是最接近于for example前面这句概述。)第24页/共59页做题技巧(3)词汇含义(表示目的动词)引出新观点、理论:introduce定义、描述、解释:define/explain/describe例证:illustrate
21、/exemplify/demonstrate/show/indicate/prove比较对比:compare/contrast论证支持:argue/persuade/support 驳斥警告:argue against/refute/challenge/criticize/cast doubt on/warn/caution指出问题:point out/identify分类总结:classify/summarize第25页/共59页真题演练Why does the author mention X?A.To demonstrate what birds seeB.To define the f
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