行为天性与教养.pptx

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1、Genes:Our Biological BlueprintChromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genesDNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomeshas two strands-forming a“double helix”-held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides第1页/共

2、23页Genes:Our Biological BlueprintGenesbiochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomesa segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a proteinGenomethe complete instructions for making an organismconsisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes第2页/共23页Genes:Their Location and Compositio

3、nNucleusChromosomeGeneCellDNA第3页/共23页Evolutionary PsychologyNatural Selectionthe principle that,among the range of inherited trait variations,those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generationsMutationsrandom errors in gene replication that

4、lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotidesthe source of all genetic diversity第4页/共23页Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind,using the principles of natural selectionGenderin psychology,the characteristics,whether biologically or sociall

5、y influenced,by which people define male and female第5页/共23页Evolutionary PsychologyMen preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and healthWomen preferred resources and social status第6页/共23页Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environm

6、ental influences on behaviorEnvironment every nongenetic influence,from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us第7页/共23页Behavior GeneticsIdentical Twinsdevelop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two,creating two genetically identical organismsFraternal Twins develop from separa

7、te eggsgenetically no closer than brothers and sisters,but they share the fetal environmentIdenticaltwinsFraternaltwinsSamesex onlySame oropposite sex第8页/共23页Behavior GeneticsTemperamenta persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensityHeritabilitythe proportion of variation among individua

8、ls that we can attribute to genesmay vary,depending on the range of populations and environments studied 第9页/共23页Behavior GeneticsInteractionthe dependence of the effect of one factor(such as environment)on another factor(such as heredity)Molecular Geneticsthe subfield of biology that studies the mo

9、lecular structure and function of genes第10页/共23页Environmental InfluenceTwo placental arrangements in identical twins第11页/共23页Environmental InfluenceExperience affects brain developmentImpoverishedenvironmentRat braincellRat braincellEnrichedenvironment第12页/共23页Environmental InfluenceA trained brain第

10、13页/共23页Environmental InfluenceCulturethe enduring behaviors,ideas,attitudes,and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the nextNorman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior第14页/共23页Environmental InfluencePersonal Spacethe buffer zone we like

11、to maintain around our bodiesMemesself-replicating ideas,fashions,and innovations passed from person to person第15页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of GenderX Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and womenfemales have two;males have onean X chromosome from each parent produces a female childY Ch

12、romosomethe sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from the mother,it produces a male child第16页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of GenderTestosteronethe most important of the male sex hormonesboth males and females have itadditional testosterone in males stimulates growth of ma

13、le sex organs in the fetusdevelopment of male sex characteristics during pubertyRolea set of expectations(norms)about a social positiondefining how those in the position ought to behave第17页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of GenderGender Rolea set of expected behaviors for males and femalesGender Identit

14、yones sense of being male or femaleGender-typingthe acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role第18页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of GenderGender and Culture第19页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of Gender第20页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of GenderSocial Learning Theorytheory that we learn social be

15、havior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punishedGender Schema Theorytheory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly第21页/共23页The Nature and Nurture of GenderTwo theories of gender typing第22页/共23页感谢您的观看！第23页/共23页