细胞的结构与功能.pptx

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1、微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量 第1页/共67页微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量 元素 含量元素含量 元素含量C50P3Ca0.5O20S1Mg0.5N14K1Fe0.5H8Na1其它0.5第2页/共67页22 微生物分类Microbial TaxonomyMicroorganisms are tremendously diverse in size,shape,physiology,and lifestyle.第3页/共67页General Introduction and Overview consists of three separate but interrelated parts:C

2、lassification is the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa(s.,taxon)based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness.Nomenclture is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the assignmennt of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules.Identification is the practical side o

3、f taxonomy,the process of determining that a particular isolated belongs to a recognized taxon.第4页/共67页 Universal Phylogenetic Tree 第5页/共67页生物无细胞生物 单分子纯蛋白原生生物纯核酸多分子核酸与蛋白复合体，细胞生物原核生物细菌Bacteria古细菌Archaea真核生物Eucarya第6页/共67页非细胞生物单分子 纯蛋白（，疯牛病蛋白）原生生物Protista纯核酸质粒？多分子 核酸与蛋白复合体，病毒类第7页/共67页原核生物Procaryote细菌Ba

4、cteriaAquifex原生生物ProtistaThermotogaGreen nonsulfur bacteriaFlavobacteriaGram-positive bacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochetesProteobacteria古细菌ArchaeaPyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcusMethanococcusMethanobacteriumMethanosarcinaThermoplsamaHalobacteria第8页/共67页真核生物EucaryaDiplomonads后生生物MetazoanMicrosporidia

5、TrichomonadsFlagellates鞭毛虫，鞭毛藻Entamoeba内生阿米巴Slime moldsCiliatesAnimals后生生物MetazoanFungi原生生物Plants后生生物Metazoan第9页/共67页23 原核生物的大小形状Size,Shape,and ArrangementProcaryotic Cell Organization第10页/共67页Figure 2.1 Representative Bacteria 第11页/共67页Unusually Shaped Bacteria(a)放线菌.(b)肺炎枝原体.(c)螺原体属.(d)生丝微菌属.(e)Wa

6、lsbys方形细菌.(f)含铁嘉氏铁柄杆菌第12页/共67页第13页/共67页24 细菌第14页/共67页Morphology of a Gram-Positive Bacterium.第15页/共67页第16页/共67页Table 3.1 Functions of Procaryotic StructuresPlasma membrane Selectively permeable barrier,mechanical boundary of cell.nutrient and waste transport,location of many metabolic processes(resp

7、iration,photosynthesis).detection of environmental cues for chemotaxisGas vacuole Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environmentsRibosomes Protein synthesisInclusion bodies Storage of carbon,phosphate,and other substancesNucleoid Localization of genetic material(DNA)Periplasmic space Contains hydrolyt

8、ic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptakeCell wall Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutionsCapsules and slime layers Resistance to phagocytosis adherence to surfacesFimbriae and pili Attachment to surfaces,bacterial matingFlagella MovementEndospore

9、Survival under harsh environmental Conditions第17页/共67页2.2.1 The Nucleoid第18页/共67页核区(nuclear region or area)核质体(nuclear body)原核(prokaryon)拟核(nucleoid)核基因组(genome)染色质体（chromatin body)是指原核生物所特有的无核膜结构、无固定形态的原始细胞核，第19页/共67页核区一般每个细胞含核区14个。在快速生长的细菌中，核区DNA可占细胞总体积的20。拟核与间体（mesosome）或质膜（plasma membrane）有联系。细菌

10、的核区除在染色体复制的短时间内呈双倍体外，一般均为单倍体，有些也具有线状的DNA染色体。对完全除掉膜的拟核分析发现它是由重量占60%DNA,30%RNA和10%蛋白质组成。第20页/共67页核区planctomycetes的两个属的拟核区有膜包被，Pireltula具有单层膜包被核区，形成pirellalosome，其中含有纤维状的拟核和类似核糖体的颗粒。Gemmata obscuriglobus的核区被双膜包被。一些细菌在染色质之外还含有质粒。第21页/共67页223 The Cytoplasmic Matrix223.1 Inclusion Bodies223.2 Ribosomes第22

11、页/共67页 A Cross Section of Bacterium Escherichia coli 第23页/共67页第24页/共67页222 Procaryotic Cell Membranes第25页/共67页第26页/共67页Internal Membrane Systems第27页/共67页internal membrane systems 第28页/共67页2.2.5 The Procaryotic Cell Wall第29页/共67页2.2.5.1 Peptidoglycan Structure第30页/共67页第31页/共67页第32页/共67页第33页/共67页Gram-

12、Positive Cell Walls第34页/共67页Teichoic Acid Structure.第35页/共67页Gram-Negative Cell Walls第36页/共67页第37页/共67页Lipopolysaccharide Structure 第38页/共67页第39页/共67页Figure 3.31 Flagellar Distribution.第40页/共67页The UItrastructure of Gram-Negative Flagella.第41页/共67页The UItrastructure of Bacterial Flagella 第42页/共67页Gr

13、owth of Flagellar Filaments 第43页/共67页Flagellar Motility 第44页/共67页鞭毛运动的机理第45页/共67页Figure4.1RepresentativeExamplesofEucaryoticMicroorganisms.(a)Parameciumasseenwithinterference-contrastmicroscopy(115).(b)Mixeddiatomfrustules(100).(c)Penicilliumcolonies,and(d)amicroscopicviewofthemoldshyphaeandconidia(

14、220).(e)StentorTheciliatedprotozoaareextendedandactivelyfeeding,dark-fieldmicroscopy(100)(f)Amanita muscaria,alargepoisonousmushroom(5).第46页/共67页Eucaryotic Cell Ultrastructure 第47页/共67页第48页/共67页Functions of Eucaryofic Organelles Plasma membraneMechanical cell boundary,selectively permeable barrier w

15、ith transport systems,mediates cell-cell interactionsand adhesion to surfaces,secretionCytoplasmic matrixEnvironment for other organelles,location of many metabolic processesMicrofilaments Cell structure and movements,form the cytoskeleton intermediate filaments,and microtubulesEndoplasmic reticulum

16、Transport of materials,protein and lipid synthesisRibosomesProtein synthesisGolgi apparatusPackaging and secretion of materials for various purposes,lysosome formationLysosomesIntracellular digestionMitochodriaEnergy production thorough use of the tricarboxyllc acid cycle,electron transport oxidativ

17、e phosphorylation,and other pathwaysChloroplastsPhotosynthesis-trapping light energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and waterNucleusRepository for genetic information,control center for cellNucleolusRibosomal RNA synthesis,ribosome constructionCell wall and pellicleStrengthen and give shape

18、to the cellCilia and flagellaCell movementVacuoleTemporary storage and transport,digestion(food vacuoles),water balance(contractile vacuole)第49页/共67页微管结构 微管结构第50页/共67页第51页/共67页Golgi Apparatus Structure 第52页/共67页Lysosome Structure,Formation,and Function.第53页/共67页Lysosome Structure,Formation,and Funct

19、ion第54页/共67页Membrane Flow in the Vacuome 第55页/共67页Proteasome Degradation of Proteins 第56页/共67页第57页/共67页Chloroplast Structure 第58页/共67页The Nucleus 第59页/共67页The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle 第60页/共67页第61页/共67页Coordination of Ciliary Activity 第62页/共67页Cilia and Flagella Structure 第63页/共67页Comparison of Procary

20、otic and Eucaryotic Cell structure.第64页/共67页Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells PropertyProcaryotesEucaryotesOrganization of Genetic Material True membrane-bound nucleusAbsentPresent DNA complexed with histonesNoYes Number of chromosomesOneaMore than one Introns in genesRareComm

21、on NucleolusAbsentPresent Mitosis occursNoYesGenetic RecombinationPartial,unidirectional transfer of DNAMeiosis and fusion of gametesMitochondriaAbsentPresentChloroplastsAbsentPresentPlasma Membrane with SterolsUsually nobYes第65页/共67页Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells FlagellaS

22、ubmicrosopic in size;composedof one fiberMicroscopic in size;membrane bound;usually 20 microtubules in 9+2 patternEndoplasmic ReticulumAbsentPresentGoigi ApparatusAbsentPresentCell WallsUsually chemically complex with peptidoglycanecChemically simpler and lacking peptidoglycandifferent in simpler organellesRibosomes70s80S(except in mitochondria and chloroplast)Lysosomes and peroxisomesAbsentPresentMicrotubulesAbsent or rarePresent CytoskeletonMay be absentPresentDifferentiationRudimentaryTissues and organs第66页/共67页感谢您的观看！第67页/共67页