Mycology解读学习教程.pptx

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1、1Fungi are eukaryotes.They possess a nucleus enclosed by anuclearmembrane,acellwall(chitin几丁质andglycoproteins糖蛋 白),endoplasmicreticulum,Golgiapparatusandmitochondria.Medical Mycologyisthesubjectonpathogenicfungi.Generalintroduction第1页/共53页第一页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。2Thereareapproximately70,000recognizedspec

2、iesoffungi.Mostarebeneficialtohumankind.(e.g.,Theproductionoffood,antibioticsandimmunosuppressivedrugs.Usedasmodelsystemsinmolecularbiology)Some fungi act as the plant and animal pathogens in theagriculturalindustry.About300speciesoffungiinvolvehumaninfections.RoleoffungiinnatureAspergillus oryzae 米

3、曲霉Ciclosporin 环孢素第2页/共53页第二页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。3Basicunderstandingoffungi第3页/共53页第三页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。4Comparison of fungi and bacteriaFeatureFungiBacteriadiameter4 m1 mnucleuseukaryoticprokaryoticcytoplasmwith mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulumwithout mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulumCell wallc

4、hitinpeptidoglycansporessexual and asexual spore for proliferationspore for survival,not for proliferation dimorphismyesNometabolismNo anaerobesAerobes or anaerobes第4页/共53页第四页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Fungi CharacteristicsThe fungi are classified into their own separate kingdom,Kingdom Fungi(Myceteae 真菌界)with

5、 the following characteristics:Eukaryotic organisms.Rigid cell wall composed of chitin.Lack chloroplast 叶绿体 to produce chlorophyll 叶绿素.Reproduce by means of spores which can be produced either asexually or sexually.Fungal spores germinate to produce either a mycelia 霉 or a yeast 酵母,or both(depending

6、 on the conditions).第5页/共53页第五页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。CellularMorphologyApathogenicfungicanexisteitherasyeastsorashyphae菌丝(mycelium).Amassofhyphaeiscalled mycelia(molds).yeastMycelia第6页/共53页第六页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。7Mycelia(molds)第7页/共53页第七页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。8Yeastsareunicellularorganismswithouthyphae.The yeasts p

7、ropagate usually byblastoconidia formation 芽生(budding)andrarelybybinaryfission二分裂.Iftheyeastcontinuetopropagatebyformingmoreandmorebuds,butdonotdetachfromoneanother,theywillproduceelongatedformssimilartohyphaecalledaspseudohyphae假菌丝.YeastsA.Yeast cells propagating by blastoconidia/buddingB.Yeast div

8、iding by binary fissionC.Development of pseudohyphae 第8页/共53页第八页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。9Moldshavetwodifferentstructuralparts:HyphaeandSpores.Hyphaearemulti-cellularfilamentousstructures.Structurally,accordingtohyphaedoordonothavesepta横隔theyarecalledseptateornonseptatehyphae.Functionally,threekindsofhyphaea

9、redefined:vegetative,aerialandreproductivehyphae.Hyphaeformbranchesandthepatternofbranchingishelpfulformorphologicalidentification.Hyphaeproliferateasexuallyand/orsexually.MoldsCoenocytic多核septate第9页/共53页第九页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Aseptate Hyphae第10页/共53页第十页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Septate Hyphae第11页/共53页第十一页，编辑于星期六

10、：九点 五十二分。12Vegetativemycelia:penetrate into the medium inorder to obtain nutrientsAerialmycelia:extend from the medium into the air.Reproductivemycelia:thepartofaerialmyceliathatcanproducespores第12页/共53页第十二页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。13Anaerialhyphaeoftenproducesasexualpropagatesnamedasasexualspores(producedby

11、onecell).Conidium分生孢子 is the most common asexual spore.Relativelylargeandcomplexconidiaaretermedasmacroconidia,while the smaller and simpler conidia are termedasmicroconidia.Whenmanyconidia are enclosed in a sac,it is called asendospores/sporangiospore包囊孢子.Thesize,shapeandlocationofsporesareusedinla

12、boratorytoidentifysomespeciesoffungi.Spores第13页/共53页第十三页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。14包囊孢子分生孢子叶状孢子关节孢子芽生孢子厚膜孢子第14页/共53页第十四页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。15Thus,a mold is multicellular microbes composed of two parts:spore and hypha.Hyphaspore第15页/共53页第十五页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Sporangiospores第16页/共53页第十六页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Sporangium w

13、ith Sporangiospores第17页/共53页第十七页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Conidia管分生孢子梗小囊第18页/共53页第十八页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Conidia第19页/共53页第十九页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。20Culture&ColonymorphologySabouraud沙保沙保culturemedium.OptimalpH4-6.Optimaltemperature22-28,while37forsomedeeppathogenicfungi.Aerobic.第20页/共53页第二十页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。21Types of

14、colonies:1.Yeast type colony酵母型菌落areusuallysoft,round,2-3mminsizeandcreamcolored，smooth.2.Yeast-like type colony类酵母型菌落is similar toyeasttypecolonybutformspseudohyphae.3.Filamentous type colony丝状型菌落have specialfeaturessuchasvarioushyphaeandspecialpigmentation.Unicellular fungi(one cell means one fung

15、us,e.g.,yeastfungus)formyeastoryeast-likecolony.Multicellular fungi(many cells consist one fungus,e.g.,mold)formfilamentoustypecolony.第21页/共53页第二十一页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。22Unicellularfungi第22页/共53页第二十二页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。23Multicellular fungi第23页/共53页第二十三页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。24Multicellular fungi第24页/共53页第二十四页，编

16、辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。25Dimorphicfungi双相性真菌Afewoffungioccurinboththeyeastandmycelial(filamentous)forms.Thesefungiiscalledasdimorphic fungi.Yeast form:aparasitic寄生orpathogenicform.Thisformisusuallyseenintissueofpatientsorculturedat37.Conversiontoyeastformappearstobeessentialforpathogenicity.Mycelial form(fil

17、amentous form):asaprophytic腐生form.Thisistheformexistedinnatureorculturedat25.第25页/共53页第二十五页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。26YeasttypecolonyFilamentoustypecolony第26页/共53页第二十六页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。27Dimorphic Fungi25o C37o C第27页/共53页第二十七页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。28ClinicalManifestations第28页/共53页第二十八页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。29Fungal disea

18、ses in human tend to be relativelybenign and fewoffungaldiseasesarelife-threatening.Fungaldiseasesareanincreasingproblemduetotheuseofantibacterialandimmunosuppressiveagents.Individualswithanalteredbacterialfloraorcompromiseddefensemechanismeasilyhaveopportunisticfungalinfectionsthanhealthypeople.Fun

19、galdiseasesMycosis 霉菌病:A disease caused by a fungus.第29页/共53页第二十九页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。30The majorclinical manifestations for fungaldiseases:Hypersensitivity 超超敏敏反反应应：anallergicreactiontomoldsandspores.Mycotoxicosis真真菌菌毒毒素素中中毒毒:poisoningofhumanandanimalsbyfoodsandfeedscontaminatedwithmycotoxins.Infectiou

20、s diseases:caused by exogenous pathogenicfungi致病性orendogenousfungi(opportunisticinfections)机会致病性.Inducing tumors:Some mycotoxins can induce tumors(e.g.,aflatoxin黄黄曲曲霉霉毒毒素素producedbyAspergillus flavus causeslivercancer).第30页/共53页第三十页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。31Anti-fungusImmunity&fungalInfectiousdiseases第31页/共

21、53页第三十一页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。32In general,humans have a high level of innate immunity to fungi and most of the fungal infections are mild and self-limiting.Exogenous pathogens Opportunistic pathogens第32页/共53页第三十二页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。33For the exogenous pathogenic fungi,the causedinfectionsareclassifiedaccord

22、ingtothetissuelevels:A.Superficialmycoses表皮真菌病B.Systemicmycoses全身性真菌病第33页/共53页第三十三页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea Versicolor花斑癣 A.Superficial mycoses:theinfectionslimitedtotheoutlayersofskinandhair.Common superficial mycosis:第34页/共53页第三十四页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea VersicolorCommon superficial fungal infection th

23、at is seen worldwide.In certain tropical environments,it may affect up to 60%of the population.Caused by Malassezia furfur 糠秕状鳞斑癣菌第35页/共53页第三十五页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea VersicolorWorldwide distribution:Most common in tropical climates.More prevalent in summer months in temperate climates.Presents most

24、often in young adults(20-40 years of age).F:M=2:1.Human infection is thought to result from the direct or indirect transfer of infected keratinous material from one person to another.第36页/共53页第三十六页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea VersicolorChronic multiple irregular areas of hypo-or hyper-pigmentation.Color va

25、ries from pink to yellow,yellow-brown,or even dark brown in dark-skinned patients.In fair skinned individuals,lesions can appear hyperpigmented brown on white.Usually on seborrheic areas of body.The circular macular lesions can become confluent.Surface covered by a fine scale which can be made more

26、visible by scratching with a fingernail.第37页/共53页第三十七页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea Versicolor第38页/共53页第三十八页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Conditions Predisposing 易患 to Tinea VersicolorGreasy skinHyperhidrosis 多汗Immunosuppression including AIDSDiabetes mellitus 糖尿病Pregnancy第39页/共53页第三十九页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Histology of Tinea

27、VersicolorStratum corneum角质层 contains yeasts and short septate hyphae(=“spaghetti and meatballs”).第40页/共53页第四十页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Malassezia furfur“Spaghetti and Meatballs”第41页/共53页第四十一页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea Versicolor第42页/共53页第四十二页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Tinea Versicolor第43页/共53页第四十三页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。44B.Syste

28、mic mycoses:theinfectionsoriginateprimarilyinthelungandthenmayspreadtomanyorgansystems.Thecommonfungicausingsystemicmycosesdescribedasthefollowing:Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Histoplasma capsulatum荚膜组织胞浆菌 Blastomyes dermatitides皮炎芽生菌Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis巴西副球孢子菌第44页/共53页第四十四页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。4

29、5Oval,buddingyeastsurroundedbyacharacteristicwidepolysaccharidecapsule荚膜多糖.Cryptococcus neoformansC.neoformanswithcapsulesnegativelystainedbyInk第45页/共53页第四十五页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。46Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis隐隐球球菌菌病病,asub-acute or chronic infection presents in lungs,bone andskin,andmost

30、commonlymanifestsasameningitis脑膜炎.The meningitis caused byC.neoformans has a prolongedevolutionofseveralmonthsandarehighlyfatal.Thereisnohumantohumantransmission.Infectionfollowsinhalationofpigeonorchickendroppings containingthemicrobe.第46页/共53页第四十六页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。47Opportunisticmycoses Patients or

31、 individuals with immune deficiency easily sufferingfromopportunisticmycosescausedbyfungi belonging tonormalflora.The major pathogens causing opportunistic mycoses aredescribedasthefollowing:Candida 假丝酵母菌属 Aspergillus曲霉菌 Mucor 毛霉菌第47页/共53页第四十七页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。48 8 species in the genus Candida can in

32、fect humans.Thediseaseiscalledascandidiasis.Amongthe8pathogenicspecies,Candida albicans 假丝酵母菌isthemostcommonspeciestocausediseasesinskin,mucosa,internalorgansandcentralnervoussystem.Candida albicans can be found in40-80%of normal humanbeings.Itispresentinmouthandintestine.Candida albicansisdimorphic

33、fungus.Candida albicans第48页/共53页第四十八页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。49HyphaeofCandida albicans第49页/共53页第四十九页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。Oral thrush Oralthrush鹅鹅口口疮疮 isatypicaland common disease causedbyCandida albicans第50页/共53页第五十页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。51Fungihavestrongresistancetodry,sunlight,UVlightandmanychemicalagents,butmuchse

34、nsitivetowet heat.The antibiotics to treat fungal infectious diseases arequitedifferent compared to those to cure infectious bacterialdiseases:amphotericinB（两性霉素B）,anticandine（制霉菌素）,miconazole（咪康唑）,ketoconazole（酮康唑）andsoon.Resistance/Drugs第51页/共53页第五十一页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。52SummaryThe most important con

35、tents in this lecture:General introduction:eukaryotes,cell wall(chitin and glycoproteins),difference between fungi and bacteria(in the table).Yeast(unicellular organism)and mold(multicellular organism)composed of spore and hypha,Sabouraud medium and the optimal pH and temperature,types of hypha and

36、colonies,four types of fungal diseases.Cutaneous mycoses:dermatophytes,tinea,invading the keratinized layers.Systemic mycoses(Cryptococcus neoformans):capsule,the caused major disease(meningitis),transmission route.Opportunistic mycoses(Candida albicans):Oral thrush,diagnostic feature of germ tube.第52页/共53页第五十二页，编辑于星期六：九点 五十二分。