Bibliographies - Citing Medicine - NCBI Bookshelf.docx

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1、Bibliographies - Citing Medicine - NCBI BookshelfNCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers Internet. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): Nation

2、al Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers Internet. 2nd edition.Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor.Bethesda (MD): ; 2007-.Search term Chapter 6Bibliographies Created: October 10, 2007; Last Update: August 11, 2021. A. Entire Bibl

3、iographiesB. Parts of BibliographiesA. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Bibliographies The general format for a reference to an entire bibliography, includingpunctuation:- with bibliography in the title:- without bibliography in the title: Bibliographies are collections of reference

4、s to the literature made for a specific purpose, such as to bring together references on a specific subject or by aparticular author. Their citation format is identical to that of the standard book(see for details) withthree exceptions:Authors are termed compilers.The content type bibliography is ad

5、ded after the title if the word isnot part of the title. This alerts the user that the publication is nota standard book.Descriptive information, such as the number of citations included, thesources searched, and the time period covered, may be added as notes tohelp the user identify the scope of th

6、e publication. The chief source for information about a bibliography is its title page. The back of the title page, called the verso or copyright page, and the cover of the book arealso sources of authoritative information. References to bibliographies in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche

7、) are included in this chapter. For references to bibliographies in electronic form, see and . Continue to . Continue to . Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An Rafter the component name means that it

8、is required in the citation; an O after thename means it is optional. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Author/Editor for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for Author/EditorAuthors of bibliographies are called compilersList names in the order they appear in the textEnter surname (family or last name)

9、 first for eachauthor/editorCapitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as theyappear in the document cited on the assumption that the authorapproved the form used. For example: Van Der Hornor van der Horn; De Wolfor de Wolf or DeWolf.Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials

10、 for amaximum of two initials following each surnameGive all authors/editors, regardless of the numberSeparate author/editor names from each other by a comma and aspaceFollow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compileror compilers; see below if there are authorsand editorsIf there are

11、 no authors, only editors, follow the last namededitor with a comma and the word editor or editorsEnd author/editor information with a periodSpecific Rules for Author/Editor Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them. Other surname rules. Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a prep

12、osition, or particle. Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name. Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III. Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Non-English words for compiler. Non-Englis

13、h words for editor. Organizations as author. No author can be found. Options for author names. Examples for Author/Editor1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.Author Affiliation for Bibliographies (optional)General Rules for Author AffiliationEnter the affiliation of all authors or only the first authorBegin with

14、the department and name of the institution, followedby city and state/Canadian province/countryUse commas to separate parts of the affiliationPlace the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department ofPsychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)Follow the affiliation with a comma placed ou

15、tside theparentheses, unless it is the affiliation of the last author,then use a periodSpecific Rules for Author Affiliation E-mail address included. Abbreviations in affiliations. Organizational names for affiliations not in English. Names for cities and countries not in English. Examples for Autho

16、r Affiliation8.Title for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for TitleEnter the title of a bibliography as it appears in the originaldocument, in the original languageCapitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, properadjectives, acronyms, and initialismsUse a colon followed by a spac

17、e to separate a title from asubtitle, unless some other form of punctuation such as aquestion mark, period, or an exclamation point is alreadypresentFollow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible;surround the translation with square bracketsEnd a title with a period unless a question

18、 mark or exclamationpoint already ends it or a follows itSpecific Rules for Title Titles not in English. Titles in more than one language. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character. No title can be found. Examples for Title9. 10. 11.Content Type for Bibliograph

19、ies (optional)General Rules for Content TypeA content type alerts the user that the reference is not to astandard book but to a bibliographyPlace bibliography after the book title if the word does notappear in the titleFollow the content type with a period unless the book is in anon-print medium (se

20、e below)Specific Rules for Content Type Titles ending in punctuation other than a period. Titles not in English. Examples for Content Type2.Type of Medium for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for Type of MediumIndicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm,microcard, etc.) foll

21、owing the title (and content type, ifpresent) when a bibliography is published in a microformPlace the name of the medium in square brackets and end with aperiod, such as microfiche. or bibliography onmicrofilm.Add information about the medium according to the instructionsunder belowSee andfor bibli

22、ographies in electronic formatsSpecific Rules for Type of Medium Both a content type and a medium. Titles ending in punctuation other than a period. Titles not in English. Examples for Type of Medium33.Edition for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for EditionIndicate the edition/version being c

23、ited after the title (and or if present) when a bibliography is published in more than oneedition or versionAbbreviate common words (seebelow)Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, propernouns, and proper adjectivesExpress numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. Forexampl

24、e: second becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.End the edition statement with a period Abbreviation rules for editions. Specific Rules for Edition Non-English words for editions. First editions. Examples for Edition12.Editor and other Secondary Authors for Bibliographies (optional)General Rules for Edito

25、r and other Secondary AuthorsA secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examplesinclude editors, translators, and illustrators.Place the names of secondary authors after the title and anyedition statementUse the same rules for the format of names presented in aboveFollow the last named edit

26、or with a comma and the word editor oreditors; the last named illustrator with a comma and the wordillustrator or illustrators, etc.End secondary author information with a periodIf there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors andtranslators to the author position in the referenceSpecif

27、ic Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors More than one type of secondary author. Secondary author performing more than one role. Non-English names for secondary authors. Organization as editor. Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors4. 6. 7.Place of Publication for Bibliographies (req

28、uired)General Rules for Place of PublicationPlace is defined as the city where the bibliography waspublishedFollow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviationfor the state or province (see ) to avoid confusion when citing lesserknown cities or when cities in different locations have the

29、samename, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country,either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see), whenciting lesser known cities or when cities in different locationshave the same name, such as London (ON) and Londo

30、n (England)Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna forWeinEnd place information with a colonSpecific Rules for Place of Publication Non-US cities. Joint publication. Multiple places of publication. No place of publication can be found. Examples for Place of Publication13. 14. 15. 1

31、6. 21.Publisher for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for PublisherRecord the name of the publisher as it appears in thepublication, using whatever capitalization and punctuation isfound thereAbbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoidconfusion. For example, John Wiley Sons, Ltd

32、. may becomesimply Wiley.When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appearsin the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example:McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.End publisher information with a semicolonSpecific Rules for Publisher Abbreviated words in publisher names

33、. Non-English publishers. Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher. Joint publication. Multiple publishers. No publisher can be found. Examples for Publisher17. 18. 19. 20. 21.Date of Publication for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for Date of PublicationAl

34、ways give the year of publicationConvert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to2000.Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year,such as 2004 MayUse English names for months and abbreviate them to the firstthree letters, such as JanEnd date information with a periodSpec

35、ific Rules for Date of Publication Multiple years of publication. Non-English names for months. Seasons instead of months. Date of publication and date of copyright. No date of publication, but a date of copyright. No date of publication or copyright can be found. Options for date of publication. Ex

36、amples for Date of Publication22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.Pagination for Bibliographies (optional)General Rules for PaginationProvide the total number of pages on which the text of thebibliography appearsDo not count pages for such items as introductory material,appendixes, and indexes unless they are in

37、cluded in thepagination of the textFollow the page total with a space and the letter pFor bibliographies published in more than one physical volume,cite the total number of volumes instead of the number of pages,such as 4 vol.End pagination information with a periodSpecific Rules for Pagination Roma

38、n numerals used as page numbers. No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography. Examples for Pagination28. 29. 30.Physical Description for Bibliographies (optional)General Rules for Physical DescriptionGive information on the physical characteristics if abibliography is published in a microform

39、 (microfilm, microfiche,etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black white, 2 x 4 in. Thisinformation will help the reader select the appropriateequipment with which to view the microform.Specific Rules for Physical Description Language for describing physical characteristics. Examples for Physical Descriptio

40、n33.Series for Bibliographies (optional)General Rules for SeriesBegin with the name of the seriesCapitalize only the first word and proper nounsFollow the name with any numbers provided. For example, vol. 3for a volume or no. 12 for an issue number.Separate the title and the number by a semicolon an

41、d a spacePlace series information in parenthesesEnd series information with a period, placed outside the closingparenthesisSpecific Rules for Series Series editors name provided. Examples for Series31. 32.Language for Bibliographies (required)General Rules for LanguageGive the language of publicatio

42、n if other than EnglishCapitalize the language nameFollow the language name with a periodSpecific Rules for Language Bibliographies appearing in more than one language. Examples for Language9. 10. 11.Notes for Bibliographies (optional)General Rules for NotesNotes is a collective term for any type of

43、 useful informationgiven after the citation itselfComplete sentences are not requiredBe briefSpecific Rules for Notes Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc. Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc. Other types of material to include in notes. Examples for

44、 Notes34. 35. 36. 37. 38.Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title Khan N, Nakajima N, Vanderburg WH, compilers. Healthy work: an annotatedbibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617citations. Morton LT, Moore RJ, compile

45、rs. A bibliography of medical and biomedical biography. 3rd ed. Burlington (VT): Ashgate; 2005. 425 p. 3740 citations.2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content typeadded) Grayson L, compiler. Animals in research: for and against bibliography. London: BritishLibrary; c2

46、000. 320 p. Blanchard DA, compiler. The anti-abortion movement: references and resources bibliography. NewYork: Prentice Hall International; c1996. 378 p.3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers Khan, Namir; Nakajima, Nina; Vanderburg,Willem H., compilers. Healthy work: an annota

47、tedbibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617citations.4. Bibliography with compilers and editors Jackson E, compiler.Safer sex guidelines bibliography: healthy sexuality and HIV; an annotatedbibliography for educators and counselors. Allen B, editor. Ottawa (ON):Canadian AIDS Society;