高考英语资料--阅读理解之说明文主旨类.pptx

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1、阅读理解阅读理解说明文说明文主旨类说明文是什么？说明文是什么？说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为事物性说明文、事理性说明文两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。如何区分事物性说明文、事理性说明文？如何区分事物性说明文、事理性说明文？（1）事物说明文的说明对象可以是实体事物，也可以是抽象事物；这种说明文旨在说明事物“是什么”、“怎么样”。（2）事理说明文的说明对象是事物的内部规律性，这种说明文旨在说明事物“为什么”是这样的。文本结构一

2、般包括五个部分文本结构一般包括五个部分1.标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。2.导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。介3.背景则交代研究的起因或者问题现状。4.主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破5.结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究的方向等，与导语相呼应。说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？1.话题较陌生。这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。2.专业术语多。高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？3.长难句子多。因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长

3、难句子多。4.词汇有新义。每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。文体特点文体特点1、说明文通常是使用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。2、多用现在时态。因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释，而这种客观介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间的变化而改变的。3、通常运用举例、对比、分类、引用、演绎、归纳等方法，按照时间、空间或事物发展的逻辑顺序进行介绍和说明。文体特点文体特点4、通过对实体事物（如仪器、产品、自然环境）的解说，或对抽象事理（如概念、原理、定律）的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理

4、的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得相关的知识。5、说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、操作指南等。文体特点文体特点6、采用客观描述。说明文一般是对客观存在的说明与介绍，因此，语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉。在英语中，使用被动语态（如用It is said that替代I think that），引进权威的信息来源（如用according to sb 替代in my ipinion），选用委婉语是使说明文避免主观色彩，增加客观性，从而为读者接受的重要语言手段。7、遣词用字简炼、平实、确切。说明文的种类说明文的种类(1)过程说明文这是用得最广的

5、一种说明文，它又分为人为过程的说明文（给予指令或建议）和自然过程的说明文（提供信息和分析）两种，文章形式既有实用性较强的产品介绍，生活知识；也有专业性很强的学术论文；还有幽默风趣的科学小品等。过程说明文中的时态通常用一般现在时。说明文的种类说明文的种类(2)实例说明文它是用实例、事实来阐述特征过程、现象、观点的一种说明文。那些空洞的概念和高深的理论经过事实和例子的佐证立即就会变得具体明白、简单起来。说明文的种类说明文的种类(3)比较（对比）说明文它是运用比较和对比的手段来分析和说明事物的一种说明文。通过比较相似事物和对比相异事物，可以使事理更加明了。说明文的种类说明文的种类(4)分类说明文。对

6、于复杂事物，往往可以根据它的性质、形状、成因、功能等属性的差别，分成若干类，然后依照类别分别进行说明。通过分类说明可以加深读者对事物本质的了解。说明文的种类说明文的种类(5)因果说明文。通过分析事物的因果关系阐明事物的性质或经过的文章称为因果说明文。在对有关因果关系透彻分析的基础上得出的结论总是令人信服的。说明文的种类说明文的种类(6)界说（定义）说明文。就是用简洁而明确的语言把事物的本质属性揭示出来，给人们以清晰的概念。界说（定义）说明文中总是有一个定义句，其句式为被定义对象的所属类别+限制性定语。定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确。满分技巧满分技巧1.快速浏览整体把握说明对象2.先题再

7、文精准定位重点解读3.高效解读破长难句解重难词说明文的方法说明文的方法例证法这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。说明文的方法说明文的方法定义法下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。说明文的方法说明文的方法分类法：条理清楚地说明了事物的特点。分类法是

8、对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。说明文的方法说明文的方法因果关系法事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。说明文的方法说明文的方法比较对照法：突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的

9、方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。说明文的方法说明文的方法过程分析法过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。A study of 500,000 songs released（发行）in the UK between 1985 and 2015

10、 showed that pop music had decreased in happiness and increased in sadness.题：What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Pop Music Is Getting Sadder B.Music Calls for Sex Equality C.Pop Music Has a Long History D.Music Industry Is Going Down由A study showed that 得知 pop music had decreased in happines

11、s and increased in sadness 即为答案A team of engineers at Harvard University created the first robotic fly.Designed to do what a fly does naturally,the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly.Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.题：What can be the best title f

12、or the passage?A.Harvards study in the field of insects B.A breakthrough in engineering science C.An interesting inventionrobotic fly D.Robotic flya copy of the real live insect。由第二句中的 designed to do 得知，最新研发的 robotic fly 是用于 do what a fly does naturally.Are you a procrastinator（拖延者）?Its a common pro

13、blem.And it can be harmful,as previous research has shown that people who procrastinate have higher levels of stress and lower well-being,reported the Association for Psychological Science in the US.But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem:Be more connected to your future self.题：Wha

14、t does the passage mainly talk about?A.A way to get things done in time B.The harmful effects of procrastination C.The reason to overlook future needs and desires D.The way to reduce stress and improve happiness由第一句的问题得知本文与拖延有关；又从最后一句中的 But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem Japan

15、 recently lowered its voting age from 20 to 18.This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics.But it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood.Due to these social changes,our expectation of young people and their level of social res

16、ponsibility have also changed.The recognition of a new life stageemerging（发展初期的）adulthoodhas been recommended to account for the changes to social milestones that have traditionally represented adulthood.题：What is the main idea of the text?A.Emerging adulthood reflects a new life stage.B.Adulthood i

17、s defined differently in different places.C.Social changes are challenging the idea of adulthood.D.Adulthood is a combination of rights and responsibilities.段落中多次提及 the social changes 和 adulthood 两词及它们之间的关系1.Being stuck behind crowds of slow walkers when you are in a hurry is one of the most annoyin

18、g things.But now,Lakeside Shopping Centre in Eaaex,one of the UKs largest shopping malls,has introduced its very own fast lane for shoppers in a hurry,aiming to help impatient shoppers avoid slow walkers and the anger that goes with them.题：What is the main idea of the text?A.Shopping can be annoying

19、 sometimes B.How to avoid slow walkers when shopping C.The problems that shopping centers face during busy holidays D.The shopping mall creates the fast lane to avoid slow walkers由本段第二句转折后可知英国最大购物中心推出了快速通道，再由后面的aiming to help 得知目的是帮助心急的购物者避免慢行者和随之而来的愤怒。2.Artificial intelligence(AI)technology may soo

20、n be a useful tool for doctors.It may help them better understand and treat disease like liver cancer in ways that were never before possible.题：What is the best title for the text?A.AI is used to treat cancers B.AI may compete with doctors C.AI may make doctors better D.AI is better at curing cancer

21、s由本段第二句中的It may help them better understand and treat disease 得知(其中 it 指代AI，them 指代doctors)，AI 能让医生变得更好。3.Stuck in a lift?These holes can help you out.Yes,that tiny hole you see on the lift door.It might just save your life.Say the lift youre in stops at a floor and the doors dont open.It could be a

22、 power failure or an equipment conkout.But getting out isnt easy.Lifts are equipped with lots of features to prevent the doors from opening freely or when theyre between floors.题：What can be a suitable title for the text?A.The people who should repair the lofts B.The steps you escape from a broken l

23、ift C.Special features lifts are equipped with D.The reason why lifts have small holes由本段第一句提出问题(被困在电梯里了？)及第二句的回答(这些小洞可以救你的命)可知，本文讲述了电梯里为什么有小洞(因为可以救命)。第三句和第四句也重复强调了这点。接下来Say 用以举例说明。4.A Picasso signed painting,which might be one of the artworks stolen in 2012 from the Kunsthal Museum in Rotterdam,was

24、 found in Romanian eastern country of Tulcea.The countrys antiorganized crime authorities announced it on Sunday afternoon.Nov.25,2018.题：What can be the best title of the passage?A.The theft of the century B.Another success of DIICOT C.A stolen Picasso painting discovered in Romanian D.Picasso,one o

25、f the greatest painters in the world从本段可知，文章是说明了一幅被盗的毕加索的画背发现了。5.As parents,we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves.When they are little,they need our help with everything.Over time,kids usually take the lead on things like feeding and dressin

26、g themselves,but it can be difficult to know when its time for them to start doing some basic things,such as packing their own lunches for school or solving problems with teachers without a parents help.题：What does the text mainly talk about?A.Walking a fine line B.Blogger Amy Carney C.Parents and t

27、heir childrens growth D.A childhood behavior expert根据第一段重复出现的父母与孩子可知，本文讲述了父母与孩子之间的关系，再结合具体内容，孩子在成长的过程中，父母也要学习何时给予孩子照顾何时交给孩子技能。6.Two deer jumped out in front of 16-year-old Amanda Floyds car.She put on the brake,stopping the car just in time.But later,she started texting.Distracted,Amanda turned left

28、 and right,then crashed into another car.Luckily,she wasnt in a real carshe was in a driving simulator at Roosevelt High School,Ohio,US.“I never really realized that cars make a turn that much,”Amanda,a junior,said.She added that she wouldnt text while driving anymore.题：What is the main idea of the

29、passage?A.Traffic rules in Ohio,US B.Dangers of distracted driving C.Simulated driving for students D.Advantages of computer games由首段最后一句中的Luckily,she wasnt 可知，转折后为主要观点，所以文章讲述了Roosevelt 高中引进驾车模拟器的事。7.When was the last time something important slipped your mind?Maybe it was the answer to a test quest

30、ion,the name of an acquaintance or where you left your keys.Fortunately,memory can be improved so they wont happen that often.Peoples memory has much to do with training and practice.Applying effective means will help improve your memory so that you can access everything you learn whenever you need

31、it.题：What is the text mainly about?A.An explanation of Ebbinghauss theory B.A description of the learning process C.The approaches to improving memory D.The relationship between time and memory首先由本段首句的问题(上一次你忘记重要的事情是什么时候？)可以得知本文与记忆有关；其次本段最后一句中 Applying effective ways will help improve your memory 可知，文章主要介绍了强化记忆的方法。阅读理解阅读理解感谢您的观看