2020考研英语一真题及解析可编辑课件.pptx

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1、2020 年研究年研究生入生入学学统统一考一考试试试试题题（英（英语语一一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Even if families dont sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonethele

2、ss have got a share this weekend of one of that nations great traditions;the Sunday roast.1 a cold winters day,few culinary pleasures can 2 it.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined our health.That this 3 should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Sta

3、ndards Authority(FSA)has 5 a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures.This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes,spurn thin-crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such

4、 alarmist advice?9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to be carcinogenic but have no hard scientific proof.12 the precautionary principle,it could be argued that it is 13 t

5、o follow the FSA advice.14,it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?17,the

6、FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18,but to reduce their lifetime intake.However,their 19 risks coming across as exhortation and nannying.Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.11.A InB TowardsC OnD Till2.A matchB expressC satisfyD influence3.A patienceB enjoymen

7、tC surpriseD concern4.A intensifiedB privilegedC compelledD guaranteed5.A issuedB receivedC ignoredD canceled6.A underB atC forD by7.A forgetB regretC finishD avoid8.A partiallyB regularlyC easilyD initially9.A UnlessB SinceC IfD While10.A secondaryB externalC inconclusiveD negative11.A insufficient

8、B boundC likelyD slow12.A On the basis ofB At the cost ofC In addition toD In contrast to13.A interestingB advisableC urgentD fortunate14.A As usualB In particularC By definitionD After all15.A resemblanceB combinationC connectionD pattern16.A madeB servedC savedD used17.A To be fairB For instanceC

9、To be briefD in general18.A reluctantlyB entirelyC graduallyD carefully19.A promiseB experienceC campaignD competition20.A follow upB pick upC open upD end up2Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark

10、your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK town of culture award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in 2017 and has bee

11、n awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to beconfined to cities.Britain town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put t

12、ogether a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European

13、 capital of culture,a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that w

14、ill follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run year of culture washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successfu

15、l holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard t

16、o get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgows year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have tu

17、rned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.A town of culture could be not just about the arts but about honoring a towns peculiarities-helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Copper a

18、nd her colleague argue that a town of culture award would.A.consolidate the town city ties in BritainB.promote cooperation among Brains townsC.increase the economic strength of Brains townsD.focus Brains limited resources on cultural events.22.According to paragraph 2,the proposal might be regarded

19、by some as.A.a sensible compromiseB.a self-deceiving attemptC.an eye-catching bonusD.an inaccessible target23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it A.endeavor to maintain its imageB.meets the aspiration of its peopleC.brings its local arts to prominence3D.commits to its lo

20、ng-term growth24.“Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present A.a contrasting caseB.a supporting exampleC.a background storyD.a related topic25.What is the authors attitude towards the proposal?A.Skeptical B.Objective C.Favorable D.CriticalText 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to pr

21、int money.Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowl

22、edge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publis

23、hing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than 900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded res

24、earch;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled a

25、rticle published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access p

26、ublishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a pro

27、fit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around 500

28、 to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs”had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for th

29、e hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money partly because A.its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.B.its marketing strategy has been successful.

30、C.its payment for peer review is reduced.D.its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have A.thrived mainly on university libraries.B.gone through an existential crisis.C.revived the publishing industry.D.financed researchers generously.42

31、8.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?A.Relieved.B.Puzzled.C.ConcernedD.Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms Aallow publishers some room to make money.B.render publishing much easier for scientists.C.reduce the cost of publication substanti

32、ally.D.free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?A.Trial subscription is offered.B.Labour triumphs over status.C.Costs are well controlled.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path

33、 to equality and a way to level the playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore

34、 Patricia Haddad,to ensure gender parity on boards and commissions,provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities,they have proposed imposing gover

35、nment quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percentof board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia,which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing

36、 the measure,California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law,which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an important policy interest,Because the California law a

37、pplies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentag

38、e of women in the general population,but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring compa

39、nies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunit

40、ies for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt phenomenon,where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that su

41、ch policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills 5A.help little to reduce gender bias.B.pose a threat to the state government.C.raise womens position in polit

42、ics.D.greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?A.It has irritated private business owners.B.It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,C.It may go against the Constitution.D.It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst

43、 to illustrate A.the harm from arbitrary board decision.B.the importance of constitutional guarantees.C.the pressure on women in global corporations.D.the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to A.the underestimation of elite wom

44、ens role.B.the objection to female participation on boards.C.the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D.the growing tension between labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A.Womens need in employment should be considered.B.Feasibility should be a prime

45、concern in policymaking.C.Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.D.Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to co

46、nsumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data,and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA

47、tax,meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in other words,multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who has expressed support for the measure,and

48、 it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy,with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French

49、 tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend,with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britains DPT(diverted pro

50、fits tax),Australias MAAL(multinational antiavoidance law),and Indias SEP(significant economic presence)test,to name but a few.At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in