2018年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结.pdf

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1、2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结第一部分语言知识与能力第一章 英语语言知识二、语音（Speech Sounds）P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL-清浊音（voiceless consonant）VD-浊辅音（voiced consonant）2、音系学（phonology）P79（1）同化规则（assimilation Rule）progressive assimilation 顺同化（前面带偏后面）workedregressive assimilation 逆同化（后面带偏前面）newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化

2、 did you（2）音节（syllable）teachi-naim-pos-si-ble重音（stress）声调（tone）（3）语音变化（vocal variety）liaison 连读 pick it upplosion 爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破 sit down；incomplete plosion 不完全爆破 ask ednasal plosion 鼻腔爆破 button；lateral plosion 舌边爆破 little三、形态学（Morphology）1、morpheme词素重点！P87（1）free morpheme 自由词素 dog；bound morph

3、eme 黏着词素 moonwalk（2）root 词根；affix 词缀（prefix 前缀、suffix 后缀）；stem 词干 friend-ships（3）inflectional affix 屈折词缀-s,-ing,-ed 不同形式（4）derivational affix 派生词缀 改变词性和意义2、（1）inflection 屈折变化-s,-ing,-ed 不同形式（2）word-formation 词的形成：compounding 复合法through-out-1-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结derivation 派生法（prefixation 前缀化su

4、ffixation 后缀化）il-logical-ly3、常见构词法P89invention 新创词 nylon；blending 混成法 smoke+fog=smogclipping 截断法 advertisement=ad；initialism 首字母连写词 WTOacronym 首字母拼音词 AIDS；back-formation 逆构词法 editor-editanalogical creation 类似构词 work-wrought/workedtypes of borrowing 借词法：loanword/borrowing 借词 feast（法语中借来）loanblend 混合借

5、词 Chinatown（本国加外来）loanshift 转移借词 bridge（借用意义）loan translation 翻译借词（从别种语言翻译而来）4、词义变化broadening 词义扩大 bird 小鸟-鸟类；narrowing 词义缩小 girl 年轻人-女孩meaning shift 词义转移；class shift 词性转换；folk etymology 俗词源（错多了成了对的）四、句法学（Syntax）P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系（horizontal relation/chain relation）构成同一形式、序列或结构paradi

6、gmatic relation 聚合关系（vertical relation/choice relation）各要素可相互替换relation of co-occurrence 共现关系（不同集合的词语一起组成句子）2、句子结构和成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法（IC 分析法）The boy ate the apple.用树形图（tree diagram）一般句子，主谓宾之类的endocentric construction 向心结构一个词或词组可以确定为中心（center）或中心词（head）two stone bridge 一般名词/动词/形

7、容词短语exocentric construction 离心结构没有确定的中心或中心词 The boy smiled.一般动宾/系表结构deep structure 深层结构（含义相同，说法不同）surface structure 表层结构（句子表述方式）五、语义学（Semantics）P931、涵义关系（Sense Relations）lexical relation 词汇关系（1）同义关系（Synonymy）synonyms 同义词stylistic 文体差别(formality)buy-perchase；dialectal 地域差别 underground-subwaycollocati

8、onal 搭配差别 accuse(of)-charge(with)；emotive 情感差别 thrifty-stingy；semantic 语义差别 enough-ample（2）反义关系（Antonymy）antonyms 反义词relational opposites 意义相反词gradable antonymy 等级反义 warm-coolcomplementary antonymy 互补反义 boy-girlconverse antonymy 反向反义关系 buy-sell-2-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结（3）上下义关系（Hyponymy）种类和成员包括上坐

9、标词（superordinate）和下义词（hyponymy）flower-rose/tulip（4）一词多义（Polysemy）（5）同音/同形异义现象（Homonymy）homophone 同音异义 sun-sonhomograph 同形异义 liecomplete homonym 完全同音同形异义 bank 岸边；银行2、句子逻辑关系 iff-充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P 就是 S 的真值条件（truth condition）P（1）synonymy 同义关系“X is synonymous with Y.”同真同假P95（2）contradiction 矛盾关系“X

10、 is inconsistent with Y.”一真一假（3）entailment 蕴含关系“X entails Y.”X 小，Y 大X：old manY：man（4）presupposition 预设关系“X presupposes Y.”Y 是前提 X：repair the carY：have a car六、语用学（Pragmatics）P961、言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）（1）locutionary act 发话行为（说话人表达字面意思）is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be un

11、derstood.（2）illocutionary act 行事行为（说话人表达意图）is the act in saying something to perform a function.（3）perlocutionary act 取效行为（作用于听话人的效果）is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.言外之意（illocutionary point）：representatives 阐述类；directives 指令类；commissives 承诺类；expressives 表达类；d

12、eclarations 宣告类2、会话含义理论（Conversational Principle/Maxim）violate 违反P97cooperative principle,CP 合作原则（会话有共同目标）“Make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which itoccurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”（1）the maxim of quan

13、tity 数量准则（信息充分）（2）the maxim of quality 质量准则（说实话）（3）the maxim of relation相关准则（说相关的事）（4）the maxim of manner 方式准则（清楚简洁避免歧义）conversational implicature 会话含义（用会话准则暗示意义）（1）calculability 可推导性（含义能理解）（2）cancellability 可取消性（defeasibility）（因素变化，含义变化）（3）non-detachability 不可分离性（含义依附于内容）（4）non-conventionality非规约性（

14、含义不确定）七、修辞学（Rhetoric）问法：rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞策略 P981、simile 明喻 like,as.as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor 隐喻（暗含比较）elephant pause-3-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结3、personification拟人（把事物或概念当做人）4、metonymy借代（用事物的名称代替亲密相关的另一事物）5、synecdoche 提喻（部分代替整体或整体代替部分）hand/mouth-man6、euphemism 婉言 di

15、e-pass away7、irony 反语（意思相反）8、allegory 讽喻9、exaggeration夸张（夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣）10、transferred epithet移位修辞nervous exam11、oxymoron矛盾修辞bitter-sweet memory12、pun 双关语（homophonic puns 谐音双关；homographic puns 语义双关）八、语言教学P1001、中介语（interlanguage）2、对比分析（contrastive analysis）3、错误分析（error analysis）（1）error 错误（因为知识不足）mista

16、ke失误（不注意犯错）（2）interlingual errors语际错误（迁移错误）因为母语Cnglishintralingual errors语内错误（发展性错误）因为过度概括语言规则 eat-eated(错)4、错误性质：omissions 省略（少成分）；additions 添加（多成分）；misformations 形式错误（eated）；double markings 双重标记（didnt went）；misorderings 顺序错误（how you are）5、我国外语学习者错误类型（1）negative transfer 负迁移/干扰因为母语（2）over-generaliz

17、ation过度类推/过度概括因为过度概括语言规则（3）pragmatic failure语用错误违反对方的文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论（Second Language Acquisition,SLA）（1）Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis 语言习得和学得假说（习得和学得两条不同的途径）（2）Monitor Hypothesis语言监察假说（学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量）（3）Input Hypothesis 语言输入假说（接触理解可理解性语言输入comprehensible input）（4）Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说（输

18、入input和吸收intake受到动力motivation、性格 personality、情感状态 affective state）（5）Natural Order Hypothesis自然顺序假说（可以不按任何语法顺序来教学）第二章 英语语言运用能力一、教学中的非语言交际1、非语言手段P118environment language环境语（座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等）object language 客体语（个人，衣着化妆、个人用品等）2、非语言行为body language 体态语（身姿、手势、表情、目光）-4-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结paral

19、anguage 副语言（声音音质、音量、语调、语速）第三章 英语国家的语言、历史和文学三、语言、文化和社会1、局部结构P131毗邻对（adjacency pairs）一轮对话（1）毗邻对的条件相关性（conditional relevance）preferred second part/preference structure 优选结构 Hidispreferred second part/dispreference structure 非优选结构relevant absence 相关缺失（2）毗邻对的扩展base pairs 根毗邻对（被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对）前扩展，指前序列（pre-s

20、equences），包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告中扩展，包括插入序列（insertion sequences）和旁侧序列（side sequences）后扩展，指后序列（post sequences），包括会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分：修正源（trouble source）、修正的发起（repair initiation）、修正（repair）lexical 词汇启动（no,sorry,let me see,you know）non-lexical 非词汇启动（um.,uh.）四、语言与文字1、小说语言P134（1）小说与视角first-person narrator 第一人

21、称叙述者（I）third-person narrator第三人称叙述者（he,she,it,they）（2）语言表达与思想表达direct speech 直接言语（“F*k you”）indirect speech 间接言语（he said/asked）free indirect speech 自由间接言语第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章 初中英语课程标准一、初中英语课程基础知识1、英语课程的性质P149The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.（工具性和人文性）Students overall

22、development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、英语课程的设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary schoolEnglish into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning-5-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结into nine co

23、mpetence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method.Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school.Level 2-primary school二、英语课程的分级标准P1541、语言技能（Language Skills）Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descripti

24、ons ofabilities regarding language knowledge,language skills,affect,learning strategies as well ascultural awareness for relevant levels.2、语言知识（Language Knowledge）（语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题）Students are required to learn consists of phonetics,vocabulary,grammar,function andtheme.3、情感态度（Affect）（兴趣、动机、自信、意志和合作精神

25、；祖国意识和国际视野）interest,motivation,confidence,will and cooperation;National consciousness andinternational vision.4、学习策略（Learning Strategies）（认知、调控、交际、资源）Learning strategies can be classified into four groups:cognitive strategy,regulative strategy,communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、文化意识（Cu

26、ltural Awareness/Understanding）（历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念）Historical geography,local customs,traditional customs,lifestyle,norms of behavior,literatureand art,values.三、英语课程的实施建议P1611、教学建议（1）面向全体学生，为每个学生学习英语奠定基础（2）注意语言实践，培养学生的语言运用能力（3）加强学习策略指导，培养学生自主学习能力（4）培养学生的跨文化交际意识，发展跨文化交际能力（5）结合实际教学需要，创

27、造性地使用教材（6）合理利用各种教学资源，提高学生的学习效率（7）组织生动活泼的课外活动，拓展学生的学习渠道（8）不断提高专业水平，努力适应课程要求第二章 初中英语教学基本理论一、语言观（Views of Language）P1731、语言的概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、语言的本质特征/设计特性（design features）（1）arbitrariness 任意性（体现了 convention规约性）-6-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结（

28、2）duality 二重性（basic level,higher level基层和高层）（3）creativity 创造性/productivity 能产性（4）displacement 移位性（赋予 generalizations,abstractions概括和抽象）（5）cultural transmission 文化传习性3、语言的功能（Functions of Language）（1）informative function信息功能（2）interpersonal function人际功能（3）performative function施为功能（4）emotive function 情

29、绪功能（5）phatic function 寒暄功能（6）recreational function娱乐功能（7）metalingual function 元语言功能4、语言学角度的语言观（1）The Structural View of Language 结构语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology,morphology,lexicology and syntax.（2）The Function View of Language 功能语

30、言观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doingthings.（3）The Interactional View of Language 交互语言观（interaction,dynamics交互性和动态）the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool,whose mainuse is to build up and maintain social

31、relations between people.二、语言学习观（Views of Language Learning）P1761、语言学习理论（1）Behaviorist Learning Theory 行为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explainall learning in terms of some form of conditioning(stimulus,response,and reinforcement)（2）Cog

32、nitive Learning Theory认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that“language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge ofthe finite rules(language competence),infinite sentences can be produced”.（3）Constructivist Learning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process

33、 in which the learner constructsmeaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows.最近发展区理论 Zone of Proximal Development三、语言教学观（Views of Language Teaching）P1781、语言教学理论（结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论）四、外语教学法的主要流派1、grammar-translation method 语法翻译法-7-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结2、audio-lingual meth

34、od 听说法（pattern drill 句型操练、contrastive analysis对比分析法）3、total physical response 全身反应教学法P1814、cognitive approach 认知教学法（提高 accuracy,appropriateness得体性）5、communicate approach 交际法（包含 function,notion 功能和意念）P183（1）交际能力（communicative competence）grammatical competence 语法能力、sociolinguistic 社会语言能力、discourse 语篇能

35、力、strategic 策略能力、linguistic 语言能力、pragmatic语用能力、fluency 流利性（2）3P 教学模式：presentation-practice-production6、task-based approach 任务型教学P184（1）real-world tasks/target tasks 目标任务；pedagogical tasks 教学任务（2）任务的四个构成元素：objective、context、process、outcome（3）information gap 信息差/信息沟activities must have clear and attai

36、nable objectives./should be confined to the classroomcontext./should help develop students language ability.（4）constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论（强调 scene,writing,conversation,and meaning construction情景、写作、会话和意义建构）（5）任务型教学的三个环节：pre-task 前任务、task-cycle 任务环（task、planning、report）、language focus语言聚焦

37、（analysis、practice）第三章 初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学P1921、语音教学的内容The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should beconsistency:the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.intelligibility:the pronunciation should be understandable to the municative efficiency:the pronunciation should help convey the meanin

38、g that isintended by the speaker.2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching发音知识教学（monophonic,alphabet,phonetic symbols单音、字母、音标）3、Flow of language teaching语流教学（sounds,stress,rhythm,andintonation重音、节奏、语调）4、The principle of phonetic teaching语音教学的原则（accuracy,long-term,integrity,communication,pertinence,interest

39、准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则）5、The teaching method of phonetics语音的教学方法P195（1）Sound perception 听音感知练习方法：using minimal pairs 最小对立体(live-leave)、which order 排序、same or different-8-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结辨别异同、odd one out 同中选异、completion 填空（2）Imitation and explanation 模仿讲解personally demonstration、imitate、

40、practice 亲自示范，反复模仿、练习（3）Pronunciation practice发音练习练习方法：listen and repeat 听音模仿、fill in the blanks 填空、using pictures 借助图片、using meaningful context 借助情景 make up sentences 造句、using togue twisters运用绕口令（4）语流教学（见上）慢动作（slow motion speaking）二、词汇教学P197language teaching theories 理论构成：receptive/passive vocabula

41、ry 接受性/消极词汇和 productive/产出性/积极词汇1、Learning content教学内容（1）word meaning 词汇的意义 include learning form,meaning and use.Knowing a word means:knowing its pronunciation and stress/its spelling and grammaticalproperties/its meaning/how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.词汇意义包括 conceptual mean

42、ing、associated meaning 概念意义和关联意义概念意义：词典中意思，即literal meaning/denotation 字面意思/词汇的外延、关联意义：文化含义与语境意义，又称connotation 词汇的内涵(learn in the context)（2）word use 词汇的用法包括：collocation/phrases/idiom/style/register 搭配、词组、风格、语域（3）word information 词汇信息包括：part of speech/prefixes/suffixes/spelling/pronunciation/grammar

43、 features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征（4）word memory strategies 词汇记忆策略avoid rote-learning 避免死记硬背word-building 构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle 教学原则（1）音形义结合 pronounce、spelling、meaning（2）词块整体教学 lexical chunks(knowledge of collocation 搭配)（3）具体语境中教 learn in the context（4）循序渐进 step by step（5）反复练习巩固记忆 review（6）培养自学词汇能力

44、 deduce the meaning of words猜测词义3、Teaching method教学方法P200（1）呈现词汇:visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building 构词法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义反义词、翻译、问答verbal context/situation 结合语境/创设情境运用词汇学习策略，如chunks/reasoning/analog/using dictionary 归类/推理/类比/查字典（2）巩固词汇：labelling/spot the difference/describe th

45、e draw/play a game/word bingo/word association贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏（宾果）/词汇联想-9-2018 年初中英语教师资格考试知识点考点超详细总结三、语法教学P2011、Content 教学内容grammar 语法具有 Three dimensions三维性：form,meaning and usage形式、意义和用法semantic 语义包括 grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents ofmeaning 语法形式、结构的语法意义和内容意义task 教

46、学任务：语法rules规则的cognition/drill/application认知/操练/应用、the generationof grammar consciousness语法意识的生成2、Principle 教学原则（交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性）grammar teaching should be:(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexicalitems and their subcategories.(2)Constr

47、uctive:ones knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the waylanguage is learned and used.(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to socialand cultural contexts.(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learners attention to contr

48、ast the differencesbetween the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and itemsof the target language.3、Method 教学方法P202（1）deductive method 演绎法（讲解规则，结合实例分析用法，句型练习）features:It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualizedsituation 脱离上下文（

49、2）inductive method 归纳法（学生自行归纳语法规则）start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules（3）guided discovery method 引导发现法（学生归纳总结语法规则，老师强化其形式意义）四、语篇教学P2041、概念和结构（1）Conception 概念discourse pattern语篇可以是 dialogue、monologue 对话、独白，包括 written/spoken language书面语、口语，form 形式上是 cohesion 衔接的，semantic 语义上是 cohere

50、nce 连贯的（2）Tactic pattern结构模式语段/句群、句际关系（并列、顺序、层递、转折）（3）Cohesive device 衔接手段logical connectors逻辑纽带（firstly,thus,on the other hand,if not）grammatical connectors语法纽带（时态什么的）Lexical connectors词汇纽带（repetition 重复、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义/反义词）Develop ss skill of recognizing discourse patterns训练方式：checkin