现代大学英语精读unit groundless beliefs.pptx

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1、ground:(usu.pl.)the foundation/underlying condition for an argument,a belief,or an action;a cause or good reason for sth.What were his grounds for wanting a divorce?Neither statement can be faulted on the grounds that it is inaccurate.(Lesson 3)On the grounds of sth.:根据。、以。为理由He resigned on the grou

2、nds of ill-health.groundless:not based on reason or evidence groundless optimism Our fears proved groundless.第1页/共91页Proposition:view,idea,assertionTheir theory is founded on two of their propositions.第2页/共91页 In future we are going to follow the practiceuntil it becomes a habitof classifying propos

3、itions according to their grounds.Classifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgroundsisimportantbecausepeopleveryoftenbasetheirjudgmentofpropositionsaccordingtotheirpopularity,usefulness,sourceofauthorityaswellastotheirpersonaltaste.Theydonotalwaysacceptbeliefsbecausetheyaretrue.Oftentheyacceptthembecaus

4、etheirbeliefsservetheirimmediatepurpose,orbecausetheysoundnice,orbecauseitiseasierorsafertoacceptthem.takethispracticeasaguideabaseforanargument第3页/共91页Come across:to meet,to discover sth.or sb.by chance 偶然遇到、发现。第4页/共91页be astonished at:be very surprised atmet with:encountered;experiencedclass as:cl

5、assify assimilar usageto be astonished at;to be surprised at;to be alarmed at;to be amazed at;to be astounded atto class as;to regard as;to describe as;to accept as;to view as;to conceive as;to recognize as第5页/共91页They rest upon mere tradition,or on sb.s bare assertion unsupported by even a shadow o

6、f proof They are only based on tradition,or on somebodys assertion,but are not supported even by the least amount of proof.这些说法仅仅是基于传统或者是一些人毫无证据的断言。strong statements without the support of proof the slightest trace of to be based on 基于第6页/共91页bare assertion:strong statements without the support of p

7、roof bare:a.naked;not covered with or protected by anything;empty;just efficient,meree.g.bare arm/feet walls 没有任何装饰的墙 necessities 最基本的必需品 facts 纯粹的事实 the bare branches of winter trees The fridge was completely bare.冰箱里一点吃的也没有。第7页/共91页Phrases:with your bare hands:without weapons or toolsbare your sou

8、l:to tell your deepest and most private feelingsbare your teeth:to show your teeth in a fierce and threatening waybarefaced:showing that you do not care about offending sb.or about behaving badly 厚颜无耻的、露骨的e.g.a barefaced lie第8页/共91页a shadow of:the slightest trace of 少许、残余、痕迹e.g.A shadow of a smile t

9、ouched his mouth.There is not a shadow of justification for your behavior.She knew beyond a shadow of doubt that he was lying.第9页/共91页It may be a belief whichever since:情况很可能是这样的：我们最初仅仅因为别人的建议而接受了一个观点，而在那以后就一直持有（坚持）这种观点。Way:far 远远地、大大地、非常地Way up north 老远的北方Way ahead(behind)远远在前、远远在后第10页/共91页Manyofou

10、rstrongestconvictionswereestablishedthen.Conviction:could also mean the judgment of a jury or judge that a person is guilty of a crime as charged定罪e.g.He has six previous convictions for theft.Theyarestrongbecausetheyhavebeeninourmindforsuchalongtime.Theyarestrongbecausetheywereimprintedonourmindwhe

11、nwewerelittlechildren,beforewewereabletojudgeforourselves.Theyarestrongbecausetheywerepassedontousduringourmostformativeyearsandoftenbypeoplewetrustedandloved.firmbelieforopinion坚定的信仰、第11页/共91页ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwhen infants,andiftheyhadbeenbro

12、ughtupwithhomeandallotherinfluencesreserved,wecanhavelittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.Butiftheywereexchangedwhentheywereinfantsandbroughtupindifferenthomesandunderdifferentinfluences,thenthestaunchestRomanCatholicwouldbethestaunchestPresbyterian,andviceversa.Thisshowsthatourbeliefsarelargelyinf

13、luencedbyoursurroundings.byexchangingallkindsofinfluencetheyvegotfromhomeorothersources第12页/共91页Reverse:to change to the opposite 使反向、使倒转、倒转调换Her father would be thinking exactly the same way were their positions reversed.如果他父亲与她把位置倒置过来，他父亲也会与她的想法完全一样。第13页/共91页It is consistent with all our knowledge

14、of psychology to conclude that eachwould have grown up holding exactlythe opposite beliefs to those he holdsnowWe can conclude,based on all ourknowledge of psychology,that eachwould have grown up having exactlytheoppositebeliefstowhattheyhavenow.根据我们所掌握的心理学知识，我们可以得出结论，两人长大后会持有与现在完全相反的信仰。第14页/共91页to

15、be consistent:be in agreement with 与。相一致The news report is consistent with the facts.第15页/共91页And each would then have feltof the truth of the opposite opinion:而且，每个人就像他现在一样，对自己的信仰的正确性很有把握-其实那是与他相反的信仰。第16页/共91页be true of:can apply to e.g.The proverb it is never too old to learn is true of everyone.P

16、ossibly the same is true of social work?社会福利工作可能也是这样的吧？Other than:usually mean except,but here it means apart from.This usage is not considered standard by many people.第17页/共91页If we had grown up in a community wherepolygamy or head-hunting,or infanticide,orgladiatorialfighting,ordueling,wasregarded

17、as the normal and natural thingthen weshouldhavegrownuptoregarditas“obviously”natural and perfectly moral andproper.Polygamy,head-hunting,infanticide,gladiatorial fighting and dueling arepracticed only in some communities orpracticedincertainhistoricaltimes.Theyare considered immoral,improper andabn

18、ormalelsewhereorinmoderntimes.第18页/共91页Knowledge:awarenessThe matter was never brought to the knowledge of the minister.They did it without my knowledge.To sbs knowledge:据某人所知He has been there several times to my knowledge.Sentiment:an opinion or feeling you have about sth.意见、观点、情绪 What are your sen

19、timents on this matter?Public sentiment:公众情绪第19页/共91页 Of course we do not cease,when we cease to be children,to adopt new beliefs on mere suggestions.Of course when we are no longer children,we do not stop adopting new beliefs on mere suggestion.当然，当我们长大以后，会继续凭着别人的建议来接受新的观点。on:凭。，靠。，根据。They made the

20、ir own judgment on his report.他们根据他的报告做出自己的判断。第20页/共91页We continue doing it:We still adopt new beliefs on mere suggestion.第21页/共91页totakeonlythemoststrikingexamples,the enormous influence of newspapersandtheeffectivenessofskilfuladvertising.Striking:Astrikingchange显著的变化Astrikinginstance突出的例子Thegirli

21、sstrikinginfaceandfigure.Forexample,wearestilleasyandoftenwillingvictimsofnewspapersandadvertising.第22页/共91页Much of what passes as such is not,strictly,thinking at all.whatpeopletakeasthinkingAssuch:1.如所指的人或事那样Aleaderassuchdeservesobedience.Heistheauthorofthearticle,buthedoesnotwanttobeknownassuch.2

22、.就其本身而言Meregoodlooks,assuch,willnottakeyoufar.Anameassuchmeansnothing.Pass:被接受严格说来，许多类似被人们接受的东西完全不是思想。第23页/共91页To fit in with:to say the same thing or follow the same principle;to agree with适合、符合、与。相配To fit in with sbs view 与某人的观点相符Suchas:像。这样的（as 做关系代词，引导定语从句）I never heard such stories as he tells.

23、(as 在从句中作宾语）He returned to us later in the day with tobacco,matches,and such provisions as were needed.(as 在从句中做主语）第24页/共91页The dogma may not be that that of any particular individual:it may be a dogmatic statement which has been passed from one person to another,from generation to generation.这种信条可能

24、不是某个特定个人的观点，可能是一个人传给另一个人，一代一代传下来的教条性的的观点。第25页/共91页Itmaybepartofthetraditionalbeliefofthepeopleortherace.Apersonsracial,cultural,national,political,class,gender,generationidentity,while enabling him/her to seethe world in a unique approach,alsotendstolimithis/hervision.第26页/共91页But we should fully fa

25、ce the fact thatbeliefs which are merely inherited fromthe past must have originated at a timewhenmenknewmuchlessthantheyknowtoday.Sothefactthatabeliefis“old”isnoargumentinitsfavor.不过我们应该面对这样一个事实：那些仅仅是从过去传承下来的观点在其起源的时侯，人类对世界的认识远少于今天。因此，一个观点“由来已久”（因而我们因该接受它）并不是站得住脚的论点。Theimplication:oneofourcommonmis

26、takesistoacceptbeliefssimplyonthemeritoftheirlonghistory.第27页/共91页Inherita.toreceive(propertyoratitle)fromanancestorbylegalsuccessionorwillb.toreceiveortakeoverfromapredecessorc.toreceive(acharacteristic)fromonesparentsorgrandparentsbygenetictransmissionTheeldestsonwillinheritthetitle.Thenewadminist

27、rationinheritedtheeconomicproblemsfromthepreviousone.inheritthetraditionSheinheritedhermothersgoodlooksandherfathersbadtemper.第28页/共91页Originate:Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.in sbs favor:in sbs support;to sbs advantage,to sbs benefit 受其支持；对某人有利All the comments were in your favor.第

28、29页/共91页find oneself doing sth.:to realize that one is unconsciously doing sth.发现自己在无意识地做某事Dick found himself walking in the direction of Mikes place.Entertain:to consider an idea,etc.or allow yourself to think that sth.Might happen or be true 考虑、接受思想、观点等She has never entertained the idea of living

29、in the countryside.第30页/共91页enquire(or:inquire)into:to find out more information about;to investigate调查The police inquired into her background.Undesirable:不合意的、令人不快的The drug has undesirable side effects.该药又不良的副作用。He called at the most undesirable moment.他在最不该来的时候来了。wicked:morally bad;evil;in Spoken

30、English it can mean mischievous 第31页/共91页Tempt:to persuade or attract(someone)to do sth.;make(someone)want to do sth.I feel tempted to say:我想要说。Their unfriendliness tempted me to leave the party.他们不友好的态度使我很想离开这次聚会。第32页/共91页break down:to cease to be useful;to fail to function;to stop being acceptable

31、失败、失效His health has broken down.Negotiations broke down after only two days.(破裂）in the light of:in consideration of;as a result of 鉴于、由于、考虑到He made his decision in the light of what he had heard.第33页/共91页Examples of such cases（in par 8):We used to regard the following as obvious truth:that the sun m

32、oves round the earth;the earth is flat;the air is weightless;there is always a king;men are always stronger than women;etc 第34页/共91页Conceive:to imagine a particular situation or to think about sth.in a particular way 构想出、想象、设想、以为To conceive an ideaI cant conceive why you did so.Shake off:to get rid

33、offI wish I could shake off this disease.第35页/共91页Many modern persons find it very difficult to credit the fact that men can ever have supposed otherwise.Yetthey did.credit the fact:believe the factotherwise:differentlyParaphrase:Many modern people are hard to believe that for some time men had ever

34、 thought they were thinking with their hearts.Yet it is true that the ancient people really thought in that way.第36页/共91页Credit:(fml.)to believe that sth.is true 相信I can credit all that you are telling me.We found his story hard to credit.Otherwise:differently 不同地、以不同方式The government claims that the

35、 economy is improving,but this survey suggests otherwise.第37页/共91页Reference:引文；提到、论及His book on history contains many references to George Washington.他的那部历史论著有很多处论及。Beyond possibility:impossibleBeyond doubt:completely certainDemonstrate the contrary:to prove that the contrary is true by means of a d

36、emonstration在伽利略通过事实证明其完全相反之前，没有那个观点看起来比这个更不可能或更毋容置疑。第38页/共91页Until Galileo actually demonstrated the contrary,nothing could have seemed more beyond possibility or doubt.It would never be questioned or doubted if there was no Galileo who proved that the contrary was true by means of a demonstration.

37、第39页/共91页onthegroundof根据。、以。为理由onthegroundthatground:thefoundationforanargument,abelief,oranaction;abasis理由、根据Jane was late on the ground of theheavytraffic.Tom left on the ground that he wasill.第40页/共91页Consist in:to be based on or depend on主要是、在于Happiness does not consist in how many possessions y

38、ou have;it consists in appreciating what you have.Wisdom consists in learning from our own mistakes.第41页/共91页leave no room for doubt:to make it impossible for people to doubtcling to:to be unwilling to get rid of sth.,or stop doing sth.e.g.Throughout the trial she had clung to the belief that he was

39、 innocent.He had one last hope to cling on to.pay sb to do sth:to bring benefit or advantage to sb to do sthe.g.It pays to tell people the truth.It pays to forgive others.It doesnt pay to work too hard at the expense of your health.第42页/共91页Concerned:involved in sth.or affected by it 有关的He urged all

40、 the employees concerned to take an active part in the drive.他敦促所有有关的职工积极参与这项活动。is about the last person to do sth:is the least possible person to do sth第43页/共91页Indeed,he would probably be highlyindignantiftoldofwhatanyonefamiliarwith modern psychology can recognizesoplainly.He would surely feel fu

41、rious if someonetold him a plain fact that he had heldsomebeliefsthroughself-interest,whichanyone who is familiar with modernpsychologycanrecognizeveryeasily.第44页/共91页Attribute（to):torelatetoaparticularcauseorsource;attributesth.to把。归因于Davidattributedhiscompanyssuccesstotheunityofallthestaffandtheir

42、perseveringhardwork.Potent:effectiveandpowerful有效地、强有力的、有说服力的Potentarguments有说服力的论据第45页/共91页Livelihood:Earn/gain/get/make ones livelihood by第46页/共91页But the meaning of this term might beunderstood in a broader sense.It mayincludehisconcernforposition,popularity,fame,respect,love,etc.这个词的意义还可以引申到包括一个

43、人的社会地位、在同事中的声望以及来自他所重视的人的尊重和友善。(interestnotonlyinthematerialsenseBut we may extend the term to cover alsohis interest in social position;popularitywithhisfellows;therespectandgoodwillofthosewhoserespectandgoodwillhevalues.extendthemeaningoftheword延伸该词的意义，以涵盖第47页/共91页Many people are forced to hold a

44、beliefbecause he has become an importantperson in his group.If he gave up thatbelief,hewouldturninsignificantatonce.Thereismanyamanwhoisunconsciouslycompelledtoclingtoabeliefbecauseheisa“somebody”insomecircleandifheweretoabandonthatbelief,hewouldfindhimselfnobodyatall.Therearemanypeopleanimportantpe

45、rsoninacertaingroupofpeoplewhoknoweachother第48页/共91页Putting it broadly,we should alwayssuspect any of our opinions when werecognize that our happiness depends,directlyorindirectly,uponourcontinuingtoholdthemwhenwemightloseanything,materialorotherwisebychangingouropinion.Ifbychangingouropinionswemigh

46、tlosesomethingandthereforebeunhappy,wemust be suspicious about these opinionsand try to find out whether we are notbeingblindedbyourself-interest.第49页/共91页Somewhatsimilaristheacceptanceofanopinionthroughthedesireprobablynotrecognized by the person concernedtojustifyhisownnature,hisownposition,orhiso

47、wnbehaviour.Acceptinganopinionthroughthedesireisalsothesamecase.Thedesireofdefendingourweaknesses,mistakes,vulnerablepositionsorwrongdoingsbecomesanotherfactortoacceptagroundless opinion easily.Here it is nolongertheinteresttogainbuttheinteresttoavoidlosingcertainthings.第50页/共91页justifya.toprovetobe

48、just,rightorvalidb.tobeagoodreasonforsth.证明。是着正当的、有道理的为。辩护Thecourseofeventsfullyjustifiesourviews.Thefinequalityoftheclothjustifiesitshighprice.Icannotreallyjustifytakinganotherdayoffwork.第51页/共91页The lazy and stupid person can readilyadoptasetofopinionswithoutquestioningwhy,sincetheyclearlyknowthat

49、 these opinions are unobtainable tothem,only people who have energy andabilitycanberewardedwiththeseopinions.Thelazyandbunglingpersoncanadoptasetofopinionswhichprovetohissatisfactionthat“thegrapesaresour”the“grape”beingtherewardsthatmoreenergeticandcompetentmencanwin.an idiom describing those people

50、 whopretendtodislikewhatonereallydesires,becauseitisunobtainable第52页/共91页Manygroundlessopinionsare heldthroughsentimentalassociations.Thethoughtisassociatedwithmemoriespleasantorunpleasant as the case may beof particularpersonswhoheldsimilaropinions.Very often we like or dislike an opinionbecause it