WTO规则中英文教程第十四章--WTO关于卫生与植物检疫措施适用规则课件.ppt

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1、第十四章 WTO关于卫生与植物检疫措施关于卫生与植物检疫措施适用规则适用规则 WTOSPSRules 一、一、WTO关于卫生与植物检疫措施适用规则关于卫生与植物检疫措施适用规则在国际贸易中，一些在国际贸易中，一些WTOWTO成员借口保护人成员借口保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康、保护生态平衡，类、动物或植物的生命或健康、保护生态平衡，设置了一些不合理的检疫措施和标准，严重地设置了一些不合理的检疫措施和标准，严重地影响了国际贸易的正常发展。为此影响了国际贸易的正常发展。为此WTOWTO制定了制定了关于卫生与植物检疫措施的适用规则。这些规关于卫生与植物检疫措施的适用规则。这些规则体现于则体现于WT

2、O实施卫生与植物检疫措施协实施卫生与植物检疫措施协定定(AgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures,SPSAgreement）中。中。1Thereare14articlesand3annexesinSPSAgreement.一、SPS的宗旨How do you ensure that your countrys consumers are being supplied with food that is safe to eat “safe”by the standards you consider appropriat

3、e?And at the same time,how can you ensure that strict health and safety regulations are not being used as an excuse for protecting domestic producers?An agreement on how governments can apply food safety and animal and plant health measures(sanitary and phytosanitary or SPS measures)sets out the bas

4、ic rules in the WTO.(To be continued)It allows countries to set their own standards.But it also says regulations must be based on science.They should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human,animal or plant life or health.And they should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate

5、between countries where identical or similar conditions prevail.三、卫生与植物检疫措施的内涵三、卫生与植物检疫措施的内涵卫生与植物检疫措施是指用于下列目的的任何措施：卫生与植物检疫措施是指用于下列目的的任何措施：(a)toprotectanimalorplantlifeorhealthwithintheterritoryoftheMemberfromrisks arising from the entry,establishment or spread of pests,diseases,disease-carryingorgan

6、ismsordisease-causingorganisms;（1）消消除除虫虫害害、病病害害、带带病病有有机机体体或或致致病病有有机机体体的的传传入入、生生长长或或传传播播所所产产生生的的风风险险，以保护以保护WTO成员境内的动物或植物的生命或健康；成员境内的动物或植物的生命或健康；(b)toprotecthumanoranimallifeorhealthwithintheterritoryoftheMemberfromrisks arising from additives,contaminants,toxins or disease-causing organisms in foods,

7、beveragesorfeedstuffs;（2）消消除除食食品品、饮饮料料或或饲饲料料中中的的添添加加剂剂、污污染染物物、毒毒素素或或致致病病有有机机体体所所产产生生的的风风险险，以保护以保护WTO成员境内的人或动物的生命或健康；成员境内的人或动物的生命或健康；(c)toprotecthumanlifeorhealthwithintheterritoryoftheMemberfromrisksarisingfromdiseasescarriedbyanimals,plantsorproductsthereof,orfromtheentry,establishmentorspreadofpes

8、ts;（3）消消除除动动物物、植植物物或或动动植植物物产产品品携携带带的的病病害害，或或虫虫害害的的传传入入、生生长长或或传传播播所所产产生生的风险，以保护成员境内的人的生命或健康；的风险，以保护成员境内的人的生命或健康；(d)topreventorlimitotherdamagewithintheterritoryoftheMemberfromtheentry,establishmentorspreadofpests.（4）防止或控制）防止或控制WTO成员境内因虫害的传入、生长或传播所产生的其他损害。成员境内因虫害的传入、生长或传播所产生的其他损害。四、范围四、范围Sanitary or p

9、hytosanitary measures include all relevant laws,decrees,regulations,requirements and procedures including,inter alia,end product criteria;processes and production methods;testing,inspection,certification and approval procedures;quarantine treatments including relevant requirements associated with th

10、e transport of animals or plants,or with the materials necessary for their survival during transport;provisions on relevant statistical methods,sampling procedures and methods of risk assessment;and packaging and labelling requirements directly related to food safety.汉译卫生与植物检疫措施包括所有相关法律、卫生与植物检疫措施包括所

11、有相关法律、法令、法规、要求和程序，特别是最终法令、法规、要求和程序，特别是最终产品标准；工序和生产方法；检验、检产品标准；工序和生产方法；检验、检查、认证和批准程序；检疫处理，包括查、认证和批准程序；检疫处理，包括与动物或植物运输有关的或与在运输过与动物或植物运输有关的或与在运输过程中为维持动植物生存所需物质有关的程中为维持动植物生存所需物质有关的要求；有关统计方法、抽样程序和风险要求；有关统计方法、抽样程序和风险评估方法的规定及与粮食安全直接有关评估方法的规定及与粮食安全直接有关的包装和标签要求。的包装和标签要求。(To the continued)International standa

12、rds are often higher than the national requirements of many countries,including developed countries,but the SPS Agreement explicitly permits governments to choose not to use the international standards.However,if the national requirement results in a greater restriction of trade,a country may be ask

13、ed to provide scientific justification,demonstrating that the relevant international standard would not result in the level of health protection the country considered appropriate.六、六、WTO成员的基本权利和义务（成员的基本权利和义务（SPSArt.2)1.Members have the right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for

14、 the protection of human,animal or plant life or health,provided that such measures are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement.1、WTO各成员有权采取为保护人、动物或植物的生命或健康所必需的卫生与植物检疫措施，只要此类措施与本协定的规定不相抵触。3.Members shall ensure that their sanitary and phytosanitary measures do not arbitrarily or unjus

15、tifiably discriminate between Members where identical or similar conditions prevail,including between their own territory and that of other Members.Sanitary and phytosanitary measures shall not be applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on international trade.3、WTO各成员应保证其卫

16、生与植物检疫措施不在情形相同或相似的成员之间，包括在其自身和其他成员之间构成任意或不合理的歧视，卫生与植物检疫措施在实施中不得构成对国际贸易的变相限制。七、七、卫生与植物检疫措施适用的主要规则卫生与植物检疫措施适用的主要规则(一一)协调规则协调规则(Harmonization Rule)Article3ofSPSAgreementspellsoutthat,toharmonizesanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures on as wide a basis as possible,Membersshallbasetheirsanitaryorphytosanitarym

17、easuresoninternationalstandards,guidelines or recommendations,wheretheyexist.SPS协定协定第第3条规定，为在尽可能广泛的条规定，为在尽可能广泛的基础上协调卫生与植物检疫措施，基础上协调卫生与植物检疫措施，WTO各成各成员的卫生与植物检疫措施应根据现有的国际标员的卫生与植物检疫措施应根据现有的国际标准、指南或建议来制定。准、指南或建议来制定。(二二)对等规则对等规则(Equivalence Rule)1Members shall accept the sanitary or phytosanitary measures

18、 of other Members as equivalent,even if these measures differ from their own or from those used by other Members trading in the same product,if the exporting Member objectively demonstrates to the importing Member that its measures achieve the importing Members appropriate level of sanitary or phyto

19、sanitary protection.如出口成员客观地向进口成员证明其卫生与植物检疫措施达到进口成员卫生与植物卫生保护的合适水平，则各成员应将其他成员的措施作为等效措施予以接受，即使这些措施不同于进口成员自己使用的措施或其他成员在同一产品贸易中使用的措施。1 See Article 4 of SPS Agreement.(一一)风险评估风险评估(Assessment of Risk)WTOSPS协定第5.1条要求WTO成员的卫生与植物检疫措施的适用应基于风险评估。Risk Assessment The SPS Agreement increases the transparency of s

20、anitary and phytosanitary measures.Countries must establish SPS measures on the basis of an appropriate assessment of the actual risks involved,and,if requested,make known what factors they took into consideration,the assessment procedures they used and the level of risk they determined to be accept

21、able.Although many governments already use risk assessment in their management of food safety and animal and plant health,the SPS Agreement encourages the wider use of systematic risk assessment among all WTO member governments and for all relevant products.1、何谓“风险评估”？Risk assessment is referred to

22、the evaluation of the likelihood of entry,establishment or spread of a pest or disease within the territory of an importing Member according to the sanitary or phytosanitary measures which might be applied,and of the associated potential biological and economic consequences;or the evaluation of the

23、potential for adverse effects on human or animal health arising from the presence of additives,contaminants,toxins or disease-causing organisms in food,beverages or feedstuffs.汉译风险评估是根据可能适用的卫生与植物检疫措施评价虫害或病害传入进口成员境内、在进口成员境内定居或传播的可能性；或评价相关潜在的生物学上后果和经济后果；或评价食品、饮料或饲料中所含的添加剂、污染物、毒素或致病有机体对人类或动物的健康所产生的潜在不利

24、影响。2、风险评估的方法 Intheassessmentofrisks,accountshouldbetakenofavailablescientificevidence;relevantprocesses and production methods;relevantinspection,sampling and testing methods;prevalence of specific diseases or pests;existence of pest-free or disease-free areas;relevantecologicalandenvironmentalcondi

25、tions;andquarantineorothertreatment.在进行风险评估时，应考虑可获得的科学证据、在进行风险评估时，应考虑可获得的科学证据、有关工序和生产方法、有关检查、抽样和检验有关工序和生产方法、有关检查、抽样和检验方法、特定病害或虫害的流行、病虫害非疫区方法、特定病害或虫害的流行、病虫害非疫区的存在、有关生态和环境条件以及检疫或其他的存在、有关生态和环境条件以及检疫或其他处理方法处理方法1。1 See Article 5.2 of SPS Agreement.National and International StandardsOne problem is that i

26、nternational standards are often so stringent that many countries have difficulties implementing them nationally.But the encouragement to use international standards does not mean that these constitute a floor on national standards,nor a ceiling.National standards do not violate the SPS Agreement si

27、mply because they differ from international norms.In fact,the SPS Agreement explicitly permits governments to impose more stringent requirements than the international standards.八、关于地区条件的适用规则八、关于地区条件的适用规则WTO requires that the sanitary or phytosanitary measures of its Members adapt to the sanitary or

28、 phytosanitary characteristics of the area-whether all of a country,part of a country,or all or parts of several countries-from which the product originated and to which the product is destined.In assessing the sanitary or phytosanitary characteristics of a region,special account should be taken of

29、the level of prevalence of specific diseases or pests,the existence of eradication or control programmes,and appropriate criteria or guidelines which may be developed by the relevant international organizations.（汉译）WTO要要求求其其成成员员实实施施的的的的卫卫生生与与植植物物检检疫疫措措施施应应适适用用于于产产品品的的产产地地和和其其最最终终销销售售、使使用用或或消消费费地地的的卫

30、卫生生与与植植物物检检疫疫特特点点。在在评评估估一一地地区区的的卫卫生生与与植植物物检检疫疫特特点点时时，要要特特别别考考虑虑特特定定病病害害或或虫虫害害的的流流行行程程度度、是是否否存存在在根根除除或或控控制制计计划划以以及及有有关关国国际际组组织织可可能能制制定定的的适适当当标标准准或或指指南。南。One issue:Does the SPS Agreement require countries to give priority to trade over food safety,or animal and plant health?No,the SPS Agreement allows

31、 countries to give food safety,animal and plant health priority over trade,provided there is a demonstrable scientific basis for their food safety and health requirement.Each country has the right to determine what level of food safety and animal and plant health it considers appropriate,based on an

32、 assessment of the risks involved.The Differences between SPS or TBTThe two agreements have some common elements,including basic obligations for non-discrimination and similar requirements for the advance notification of proposed measures and the creation of information offices(Enquiry Points).Howev

33、er,many of the substantive rules are different.For example,both agreements encourage the use of international standards.However,under the SPS Agreement the only justification for not using such standards for food safety and animal/plant health protection are scientific arguments resulting from an assessment of the potential health risks.In contrast,under the TBT Agreement governments may decide that international standards are not appropriate for other reasons,including fundamental technological problems or geographical factors.