朱亮《药学导论》3药动学-zhuliang.ppt
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1、药物代谢动力学药物代谢动力学 Pharmacokinetics朱亮上海交通大学医学院Why do me need to know PK?-Optimize drug therapy to obtain a predictable response!(1)Drug of choice(2)How much(3)How often(4)For how longDefinition药物体内处置药物体内处置(Disposition)吸收吸收(Absorption)分布分布(Distribution)代谢代谢(Metabolism)排泄排泄(Excretion)体体内内药药物物浓浓度度随随时时间间变变化
2、化的的动动力力学学规规律律PK discusses how a drug is:l absorbed(taken into the body)l distributed(moved into various tissues)l metabolized(changed into form that can be excreted)l excreted(removed from the body)Drug AdministrationDrug Concentration in Systemic CirculationDrug in Tissues of DistributionDrug Metab
3、olism or ExcretedDrug Concentration at Site of ActionPharmacologic EffectClinical ResponseToxicityEfficacyAbsorptionDistributionEliminationPharmacokineticsPharmacodynamicsDrug must have necessary properties to be transported from its site of administration to its site of action.Drug should be inacti
4、vated or excreted from the body at a reasonable rate so its actions will be of appropriate duration.Example:Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents into Anatomic CompartmentsLevofloxacin achieves skin tissue/plasma peak concentration ratio of 1.4,epithelial lining fluid to plasma ratio of 2.8,and urine
5、to plasma ratios of 67.The failure rate of therapy was 0%in patients with urinary tract infections,3%in patients with pulmonary infections,and 16%in patients with skin and soft tissue infections TissuePeak concentration ratio to plasma Therapy failure rate(%)Skin1.416Epithelial lining fluid2.83Urine
6、670To be effective,each antibiotic has to get to where the pathogen is,to penetrate into the infected compartmentpenicillin G,are actively transported out of the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)and achieve CSF concentrations of only 0.5-5%of that achieved in plasmaDrug at action siteMetabolitesExcreted drug
7、Drug in bodyTime20406080100用药后药物在体内量的变化曲线用药后药物在体内量的变化曲线%of dose第第 一一 节节 药物分子的跨膜转运药物分子的跨膜转运Drug Transport 一、一、药物通物通过细胞膜的方式:胞膜的方式:简单扩散散载体体转运运 l主主动转运运 l易化易化扩散散水溶性小分子药物通过细胞膜的水通道水溶性小分子药物通过细胞膜的水通道受流体静压或渗透压的影响受流体静压或渗透压的影响肠粘膜肠粘膜上皮细胞及其它大多数细胞膜孔道上皮细胞及其它大多数细胞膜孔道48,仅水、尿素等小分子水溶性物质能仅水、尿素等小分子水溶性物质能通过通过,分子量分子量100者即不
8、能通过者即不能通过肾小球毛细血管肾小球毛细血管内皮孔道约内皮孔道约40,除蛋白,除蛋白质外,血浆中的溶质均能通过质外,血浆中的溶质均能通过 滤过滤过(Filtration)水溶性扩散水溶性扩散 绝大多数药物采用此方式绝大多数药物采用此方式 扩散速度与脂溶性正相关扩散速度与脂溶性正相关 药物还需同时具有水溶性药物还需同时具有水溶性 受药物理化性质和受药物理化性质和pHpH影响影响 分子量小分子量小 脂溶性高脂溶性高 非解离型非解离型 极性小的极性小的 容易透过容易透过 存在离子障存在离子障(ion trapping)(ion trapping)现象现象简单扩散简单扩散脂溶性扩散脂溶性扩散The
9、non-ionized molecules usually are more lipid soluble and can diffuse readily across the cell membrane.In contrast,the ionized molecules usually are less able to penetrate the lipid membrane because of their low lipid solubility,and passage will depend on the leakiness of the membrane related to the
10、membranes electrical resistance.Ka=H+A HApKa=pH-log A HA A HA10 pH-pKa =酸性药酸性药:碱性药:碱性药:pHpH和和pKapKa决定药物分子解离多少决定药物分子解离多少pKa-pHHendersonHasselbalch equation A +H+HAHAH+A A HA10pH-pKa=pH=7pH=4 11102 105色甘酸钠色甘酸钠(Cromolyn Sodium):pKa=2=107-2=105 A HA10pH-pKa=104-2=102弱酸性药物弱酸性药物在酸性的环境中解离少在酸性的环境中解离少,容易透容易透
11、过细胞膜过细胞膜在碱性的环境中解离多在碱性的环境中解离多,不容易不容易透过细胞膜透过细胞膜弱碱性药物弱碱性药物在酸性的环境中解离多在酸性的环境中解离多,不容易不容易透过细胞膜透过细胞膜在碱性的环境中解离少在碱性的环境中解离少,容易透容易透过细胞膜过细胞膜主动转运主动转运(Active transport)l逆浓度梯度,耗能逆浓度梯度,耗能l需要载体需要载体l载体对药物有选择性载体对药物有选择性l饱和性饱和性 l竞争性竞争性易化扩散易化扩散(Facilitated diffusion;Carrier-mediated diffusion)如:如:Glucose,Iron,5-fluorourac
12、il,calcium,lead 需特异性载体顺浓度梯度,不耗能膜动转运膜动转运(cytosis/pinocytosis)胞饮(胞饮(pinocytosis)药物通过膜内陷小泡)药物通过膜内陷小泡进入细胞进入细胞胞吐(胞吐(exocytosis)药物通过胞裂外排由)药物通过胞裂外排由细胞内转运至细胞外细胞内转运至细胞外This mechanism is important for the transport of some macromolecules(e.g.insulin,which crosses the blood-brain barrier by this process),but n
13、ot for small molecules.二二 药物在体内的存在形式药物在体内的存在形式游离型(游离型(free)结合型(结合型(bound)Transmembrane movement of drug generally is limited to unbound drug;thus drug-protein complexes constitute an inactive reservoir of drug that can influence both therapeutic as well as unwanted drug effects.第 二 节 药物的体内过程 Absorpt
14、ion,Distribution,Metabolism and Excretion吸收吸收药物由给药部位进入全身血循环的过程药物由给药部位进入全身血循环的过程存在于除静脉给药方式外的所有其它给存在于除静脉给药方式外的所有其它给药途径药途径途径:途径:oral,sub-lingual,injection,inhalation,rectal,intra-vaginal,intra-nasal.topical?吸收快慢次序:血管内吸收快慢次序:血管内吸入吸入舌下舌下直肠直肠肌肉内肌肉内皮下皮下口服口服皮肤皮肤口服口服 The oral route(PO)is usually preferred.lA
15、dvantages1.The safest,most convenient,and most economicallDisadvantages 1.Limited absorption of some drugs2.Irritation to the GI mucosa3.Destruction of some drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH4.Irregularities in absorption or propulsion in the presence of food or other drugs5.The need for c
16、ooperation on the part of the patient6.First pass elimination.First pass metabolism of a drug can be avoided by sublingual administration and partially avoided by rectal administration.小肠吸收小肠吸收消化道吸收最主要部位消化道吸收最主要部位吸收面积大吸收面积大血流量丰富,毛细血管壁通透性强血流量丰富,毛细血管壁通透性强药物与之接触时间长药物与之接触时间长小肠既存在弱酸性环境,也存在弱碱性小肠既存在弱酸性环境,也
17、存在弱碱性环境环境胃肠道各部位吸收面积胃肠道各部位吸收面积(m2)口腔口腔 0.5-l.0直肠直肠 0.02小肠小肠 100pH of Selective Body Fluids血液循环示意图首过消除首过消除(Presystemic/First-pass eliminaiton)药物由用药部位到达全身血循环前被组织药物由用药部位到达全身血循环前被组织器器官官代谢损失掉一部分的现象代谢损失掉一部分的现象 代谢代谢代谢代谢粪粪作用部位作用部位检测部位检测部位肠壁肠壁门静脉门静脉药物经肝静脉药物经肝静脉入全身循环入全身循环上腔静脉上腔静脉药物经肝门静药物经肝门静脉入肝脏脉入肝脏小肠吸收药物小肠吸收药
18、物First passmetabolism of drugs may occur as they cross the intestine or transit the livereg:nitroglycerinOther drugs may be destroyed before absorptioneg:penicillinSuch reactions decrease delivery to the target tissuesl静脉注射静脉注射给药给药(Intravenous)l直接将药物注入血管直接将药物注入血管l不存在不存在“吸收吸收”过程,无过程,无“首关消除首关消除”l肌肉注射和
19、皮下注射肌肉注射和皮下注射(Intramuscular and subcutaneous injection)l被动扩散过滤,吸收快而全被动扩散过滤,吸收快而全 l毛细血管壁孔半径毛细血管壁孔半径40,大多水溶性药可滤过,大多水溶性药可滤过注射给药特点The administration of injection are technically more difficult and usually must be performed by a heath care professional.A.advantages include:(1)a faster onset(2)more reliab
20、le absorption(3)no first pass metabolismB.Disadvantages include:(1)more difficult administration.(2)pain or necrosis at the site of injection(3)possibility of infection(4)toxicity from a bolus intravenous injection(5)necessity of dissolving the drug if given intravenously.呼吸道给药呼吸道给药通过喷雾或气雾给药方式通过喷雾或气
21、雾给药方式大颗粒粘附于呼吸道粘膜发挥局部作用大颗粒粘附于呼吸道粘膜发挥局部作用小分子由呼吸道粘膜或肺泡上皮细胞吸收小分子由呼吸道粘膜或肺泡上皮细胞吸收气体和挥发性药物直接进入肺泡,吸收迅速气体和挥发性药物直接进入肺泡,吸收迅速 肺泡表面积大(肺泡表面积大(100-200m100-200m2 2)血流量大(肺毛细血管面积血流量大(肺毛细血管面积80m80m2 2)舌下、直肠给药舌下、直肠给药局部给药局部给药经皮给药:通过皮肤吸收产生局部或全经皮给药:通过皮肤吸收产生局部或全身作用,药物吸收缓慢,作用持久身作用,药物吸收缓慢,作用持久经粘膜经粘膜吸收快于皮肤吸收快于皮肤口腔、鼻、支气管、直肠、阴道
22、口腔、鼻、支气管、直肠、阴道皮下缓释给药皮下缓释给药影响药物吸收的因素影响药物吸收的因素药物理化性质和剂型药物理化性质和剂型首过消除首过消除给药途径给药途径甘露醇甘露醇 ivgtt,po硫酸镁硫酸镁 ivgtt,po药物药物/食物相互作用食物相互作用Environmental pHBlood flow to the absorption siteTotal surface area available for absorptionContact time at the absorption surfaceExpression of P-glycoprotein药物吸收定量参数达峰时间(达峰时间
23、(Tmax)达峰浓度(达峰浓度(Cmax)曲线下面积(曲线下面积(AUC)生物利用度(生物利用度(F)2.分布分布(Distributation)药物从血循环到达全身各个组织的过程药物从血循环到达全身各个组织的过程规律:规律:1.1.先先“分布分布”,然后,然后“再分布再分布”2.2.分布部位存在选择性分布部位存在选择性3.3.在血液循环和器官组织中浓度可达在血液循环和器官组织中浓度可达动态平衡动态平衡前者间接反映靶器官药物浓度前者间接反映靶器官药物浓度后者决定药物效应和毒性强弱后者决定药物效应和毒性强弱血药浓度预测疗效强弱血药浓度预测疗效强弱 脂溶性脂溶性 组织器官血流量组织器官血流量 组织
24、结合、分布的选择性组织结合、分布的选择性 血浆蛋白结合率血浆蛋白结合率 体液体液pHpH和药物离解度和药物离解度 体内体内屏障屏障Factors modulating drug distribution:血浆蛋白结合血浆蛋白结合(Plasma protein binding)DPPTKD+DDl可逆性(Reversible equilibriumeversible equilibrium)l可饱和性(SaturableSaturable)lDP(Non-permeable)不能透过细胞膜,不能产生药效)不能透过细胞膜,不能产生药效 l非特异性和竞争性非特异性和竞争性(Nonspecific&c
25、ompetitiveNonspecific&competitive)DP DP强力结合药强力结合药 被置换药被置换药 结果结果 长效磺胺药、水杨酸类长效磺胺药、水杨酸类保泰松、水杨酸类、苯妥英钠保泰松、水杨酸类、苯妥英钠乙胺嘧啶乙胺嘧啶速尿磺胺类、水杨酸类速尿磺胺类、水杨酸类 磺酰脲类降血糖药磺酰脲类降血糖药 香豆素抗凝血药香豆素抗凝血药奎宁奎宁甲氨喋呤甲氨喋呤 血糖过低血糖过低 凝血时间延长、出血凝血时间延长、出血奎宁奎宁毒性增强毒性增强甲氨喋呤毒性增强甲氨喋呤毒性增强 对血浆蛋白质结合有相互作用的药物对血浆蛋白质结合有相互作用的药物思考血浆蛋白结合率高的药物药量增加超过蛋白结合能力后,再增
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