等高线地形图的综合应用共享.pptx

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1、（3 3）地形状况与区位选择常见的综合问题是以地形图为背景，要求在图上设计、选择所需的“点”“”“线”“”“面”，以及给予科学的分析评价。选“点”：要根据要求考虑所选点的位置、海拔及周围的环境等。如选择气象观测站，就要选择地势适中、地面较开阔、周围没有或很少有其他地理事物屏障的地点。海港码头应选择海水较深且避风的海湾，避开含沙量大的河流，以免造成航道淤积。疗养院应建在地势坡度轻缓、气候适宜、空气清新的地方。第1页/共38页选“线”：主要有交通线（公路、铁路）、引水线和输油管线的选择等。a.a.选择交通路线的基本要求：利用有利的地形地势。既要考虑距离长短，又要考虑路线平稳（间距、坡度等），一般是

2、在两条等高线间绕行，只有必要时才可穿过一、两条等高线；尽可能少地通过河流，少建桥梁等，以减少施工难度和投资；避免通过断崖、沼泽地、沙漠等地段。通往山顶的公路，往往需建盘山路，一是可以减小修路的工程量；二是道路比较平坦，利于车辆行驶；三是不会造成水土流失。在两点间修建缆车索道，在计算其长度时，不仅要根据比例尺算水平距离，还要考虑到两点的高差。第2页/共38页b.b.在选择引水路线时，首先考虑水从高处往低处流这一要求，再结合距离的远近确定较合适的引水路线。c.c.选择输油管线时，要使线路尽可能缩短，还要尽量避免通过山脉、大河等。选“面”：主要有确定水库汇水面积及坝址；选择适宜开辟梯田的地区；选定工

3、业区和居民区等。a.a.选择水库修建方案时，要考虑库址、坝址及修建水库后是否需要移民等。在不考虑地质等条件下，一般选择有较大集水区的盆地（洼地）地区，即第3页/共38页“口袋形”的地区，“口小”利于建坝，“袋大”腹地宽阔，库容量大。还要注意修建水库时，水源要较充足。坝高受等高线高程影响，坝长受出水口宽度影响。b.b.开辟梯田，应选择满足坡度平缓、有灌溉水源及附近地区修建水库后不被淹没等条件的地区。c.c.农业生产布局，根据等高线地形图反映出来的地貌类型、地势起伏、坡度陡缓，结合气候和水源条件，因地制宜地提出农、林、牧、副、渔业布局方案。例如，平原宜发展种植业，山区宜发展林业、畜牧业。第4页/共

4、38页d.d.工业区、居民区选址工业区宜建在地势平坦开阔的地形区，且交通便利，水源充足，接近资源；同时，应考虑风向、河流流向等因素，以求最佳区位。居民区最好建在依山傍水，地势开阔平坦的向阳地带，并且要交通便利，远离污染。第5页/共38页学习小结三、地形的剖面图一、高度的计算法二、等高线地形图 等高线地形图和剖面图等高线地形图和剖面图、等高线绘制、等高线绘制、地形图解读、地形图解读坡度的识别坡度的识别陡崖的高差陡崖的高差地形的识别地形的识别海拔、相对高度三定二画第6页/共38页学习反馈1 1、下列四图中，表示河流流向正确的是（）3001002001003002003001002001003002

5、00第7页/共38页abcd5003004006001002002 2、图中四条河流中，水速最慢的是 （）a 河流中分布有瀑布的是 （）c第8页/共38页从等高线的数值来看，四周高，中间低3 3、图中为地形区，理由是。盆地500300400600100200A第9页/共38页5003004006001002004 4、当地政府准备在此修一座水库，则坝址应选（）A A、1-2 B1-2 B、1-3 C1-3 C、2-3 D2-3 D、2-4 2-4 第10页/共38页500300400600100200友情提示：水库大坝一般选在河谷、山谷的狭窄地区。第11页/共38页甲甲乙、计划修建一条甲村到乙

6、村的公路应选择蓝色方案，还是绿色方案，为什么？第12页/共38页 提示：公路、铁路线建设一般沿等高线走，、减少施工难度；、减少修路的工程量；、道路平坦,利于车辆行驶、不易造成水土流失第13页/共38页考点二、等温线分布图分析【典型例题2 2】读图某地等温线图（单位），如果图中等温线向北凸出，最北点距离大陆最南端最远时间大致是（）A2月B5月 C7月D10月C第14页/共38页【典型例题3 3】读下图，某地区等温线示意图，判断下面各题：该地区所在半球及当地季节为()()A.A.北半球夏季 B.B.北半球 冬季 C.C.南半球 冬季 D.D.南半球 夏季C第15页/共38页考点三、等压线分布图分析

7、【典型例题4 4】读图，回答下列问题：(1）M处的气压数值可能为()A.1020、1020 、1015 D.1015、1012.5 (2）N处的盛行风向不可能是()A南风 B西风 C西南风 D东北风 CD第16页/共38页考点四、等太阳高度线【典型例题5】图是某地某日太阳高度分布图，回答：第17页/共38页（1）从图中可以看出，太阳高度的分布规律是。（2）该图的节气应该是（北半球）。（3）此时北京时间是。（4）A点所在经线的经度是。（5）C点的经度值（大于或小于）2326。（6）若B点有一直立旗杆，此时其影子应指向（）A甲 B乙 C丙 【答案】（1）从直射点向四周降低 （2）夏至日 （3）6月

8、22日20时 （4）180（5）大于（6）A 第18页/共38页考点五、日照时数等值线【典型例题6】（2009海南卷）图示意某地区1月份日照时数分布。日照时数等值线单位为小时，相邻等值线的差值为20小时。按图示方法在图中标注出另外三条日照时数等值线的数值，并说明理由。(10分)第19页/共38页【真题例1 1】（20082008年全国卷IIII）读图,完成（1 1）（2 2）题（1）、四地段 中平均坡度最大为()A B C D（2）海拔低于400米的区域面积约为()A0.05km2 B0.5km2 C5 km2 D50km2DA第20页/共38页【真题例2 2】（20082008年海南卷）下图

9、为某平原地区土壤表层解冻起始日期的等值线图。完成（1 1）-（2 2）题。（1）推测P地属于()A.草原区 B.森林区 C.都市区 D.农耕区（2）图示区域可能位于()A.美国 B.法国 C.澳大利亚 D.巴西AC第21页/共38页【真题例3 3】（20082008年广东卷）年蒸发量变化速率指标能够反映蒸发量的时间变化。如“-40mm/10a”40mm/10a”表示年蒸发量1010年间减少了4040毫米。读图，结合相关知识回答（1 1）（2 2）题。（双项选择题）19562000年全国年蒸发量变化速率（mm/a）空间分布图第22页/共38页（1）对我国年蒸发量变化趋势叙述正确的是()A.西北地

10、区蒸发量变化最大 B.华北地区蒸发量呈增加趋势 C.长江中下游地区蒸发量呈增加趋势 D.全国大部分地区蒸发量呈减少趋势（2）下列选项与我国大部分地区地表蒸发量程正相关的是()日照时数相对湿度风速气温空气污染程度 A.B.C.D.ADBC第23页/共38页【真题例4 4】（20092009全国文综）图示意某区域某月一条海平面等压线,图中N N地气压高于P P地.读图,完成1313题。1.N地风向为()A.东北风 B.东南风 C.西北风 D.西南风2.M、N、P、Q四地中，阴雨天 气最有可能出现在()A.M地 B.N地 C.P地 D.Q地3.当M地月平均气压为全年最高月份，可能地理现象是()A.巴

11、西高原处于干季 B.尼罗河进入丰水期 C.美国大平原麦收正忙D.我国东北地区寒冷干燥ACD第24页/共38页【真题例5】（2009江苏卷）图是我国某地区地形等高线及某时刻海平面等压线图。读图回答下列问题。(15分)第25页/共38页(1)此时，A城镇风向是 。A与D相比，晴天概率大的是 ，原因是 。(4分)(2)四个城镇中，最容易遭受突发地质灾害的是 ，原因是 。(3分)(3)四个城镇中，规模最大的应该是 ，原因是 。（4分）(4)该地某中学地理小组开展研究性学习，拟定了两个研究课 题，即“山区农业资源合理利用调查研究”和“本地形成 堰塞湖可能性的研究”。通过查找资料、实地考察获得以下 信息：

12、西北部海拔500米以上山地的坡度多在22以上，已 有大片开垦为耕地；在E、F两地附近有多处崩塌滑坡。崩塌 滑坡容易导致峡谷堵塞形成堰塞湖。如果你是课题组成员，请根据以上信息回答：第26页/共38页 西北部海拔500米以上山地适宜发展 ，建议 。(2分)在E、F两地中，地附近较容易形成堰塞湖，建议应用地理信息技术中的 技术密切监视崩塌滑 坡的动态。（2分）第27页/共38页【答案】(1)西南风 A A地位于冷锋锋前 (2)D 坡陡；水充足。(3)A 河流交汇，水源丰富；地形平坦开阔；交通便捷。(4)林业 退耕还林(或封山育林)E 遥感第28页/共38页【仿真例1】下图为我国某县级行政区区域图，读

13、图完成12题1图中图例1、2分别表示 （）A1等降水量线，2一等温线 B1等积温线，2一等降水量线 C C1一等降水量线，2一等积温线 D1一等积温线，2一等压线B 第29页/共38页2关于图中地势特征的叙述正确的是（A ）A东北部和西南部高，中部低 B地势自东向西递减 C地势北高南低 3该县级行政区大致位于我国的 （B）A山东丘陵 B江南丘陵 C黄土高原 D青藏高原第30页/共38页【仿真例2】读我国部分省区一月份等温线分布图，回答下列问题。(1)图中O等温线相当于我国 ()A3 000米等高线 B400毫米年等降水量线 C秦岭一淮河线 D.热带与亚热带分界线第31页/共38页(2)图中甲、

14、乙两地的温度范围分别是 ，判断乙地地形区为 。(3)图中丙地地形有可能是 ()A大兴安岭 B武夷山C太行山 D阴山(4)图中A、B处等温线分布有何差异，原因是什么?(5)丙处东西两侧相比，气温存在什么差异?试分析原因。第32页/共38页【答案】(1)C (2)OT甲4 一8Tz一4山东丘陵 (3)C (4)A处等温线较稀疏，原因是位于华北平原区，气温变 化较小；B处等温线较稠密，原因是位于山地及崎岖高 原区，气温变化大。(5)丙处东侧气温高于西侧，原因是东侧是华北平原，地势 低，西侧是黄土高原，地势高。第33页/共38页【仿真例3 3】读某区域示意图（09杭州二模卷37题）甲乙丙判断甲所在地区

15、的地形类型，并说明判断理由。第34页/共38页【答案】甲地：宽谷丘陵地区（4分）。理由：从图中等高线分布情况看，甲地附近有海拔200500米的山丘；同时，河流流经处是海拔不足200米的河谷（6分）。第35页/共38页第36页/共38页*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb9

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27、XVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#YXVTRPNLJHFECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBzywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigeca97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXVUSQOMKFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!

28、ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBzywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigeca97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXVUSQOMKFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%

29、!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+

30、)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHFECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca864

31、20-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHFECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGECBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfdca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb9

32、86420-(&$#YXVTRPNLJHFECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGECBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfdca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#YXVTRPNLJHFECAywusqomljhf

33、db975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBzywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigeca97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBwusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljh

34、fdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBzywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigeca97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBwusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnlj

35、hfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrp

36、nljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHFECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHFECAywu

37、sqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGECBvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAyw

38、usrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkigfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%!#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGECBvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAy

39、xvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGE

40、CAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJ

41、HGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb9861+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNM

42、KIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqonljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+)(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKIHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnljigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(&%!ZXVTR

43、PNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb9861+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNMKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqonljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+-(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZXVT

44、RQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+-(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!Z

45、XVTRPNLKIGECAywusrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqomljhfdb975320-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+-(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrqomkigeca87531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86421+)*%!

46、ZXVTSQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNMKIGECAywutrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqonljhfdb975420-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+-(&$#YWUSQONLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrpomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86420+)*%!ZUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrqomkigeca87531+)*%

47、!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86421+)*%!ZXVTSQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNMKIGECAywutrpnljhfdb986420-(&$#ZXVTRPNLJHGECAywusqonljhfdb975420-(&$#YWUTRPNLJHFDBAywusqomkihfdb97531+-(&$#YWUSQPNLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrqomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86421+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNMKI(&$#YWUSQPNLJHFDBzxvusqomkigecb97531+)*%$#YWUSQOMKJHFDBzxvtrqomkigeca86531+)*%!ZXWUSQOMKIGEDBzxvtrpnlkigeca86421+)*%!ZXVTRQOMKIGECAyxvtrpnljhfeca86420-(*%!ZXVTRPNMKI第37页/共38页感谢您的观看！第38页/共38页