繁复与简短总.pptx
《繁复与简短总.pptx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《繁复与简短总.pptx(63页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、繁复与简短 Complex vs.Simplex J 英语的繁复(杨琳)J 汉语的简短J 英汉/汉英翻译中的化繁为简/化简为繁第1页/共63页从属结构(subordination)是现代英语最重要的特点之一。F.Crews认为,“subordination,the placing of certain elements in modifying roles,is a fundamental principle of writing.”第2页/共63页从句和短语可以充当句子的主要成分和从属成分。从句可以层层环扣,短语往往不短,书面语句子常常显得又繁又长(long-winded),有的句子可长达1
2、00至200个单词,甚至长至整个大段。现代英语虽较不常用特长的句子,但包孕式的复合句(complex sentences with embedded clauses)仍很常见,因而句子仍然具有一定的长度。据统计,专业作者写的英语句子平均长度为20个词,受过教育的人写的英语句子平均长度为25个词。第3页/共63页My idea in Orientalism is to use humanistic critique to open up the fields of struggle,to introduce a longer sequence of thought and analysis to
3、 replace the short bursts of polemical,thought-stopping fury that so imprison us in labels and antagonistic debate whose goal is a belligerent collective identity rather than understanding and intellectual exchange.(56词)第4页/共63页D.Houston 读了中国大学生写的近百篇英语作文之后感叹说,“one of the hardest sentence patterns fo
4、r Chinese learners of English to grasp,it seems to me,is subordination.Mature English writing is heavily subordinated in multiple layers;coordination is thought of as the sentence pattern of the child and the poorly educated”。第5页/共63页Subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are
5、unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to reader.Coordination is the technique of using coordinating conjunctions to connect two or more than two sentences.第6页/共63页Why English sentences are so complex?第一、英语词语之间的语法关系,除了通过安排词序来表达外,还常常采用各种各样表示关系和连接的手段,如介词(词组)
6、、连词、关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词、非谓语动词(词组)、词的形态变化(如词尾变化、格的变化)等等。英语用来连接词、语的这些手段,比起汉语来,显得非常丰富而灵活。第7页/共63页Why English sentences are so complex?第二、能充当英语句子成分的,有长短几乎不加限制的短语和从句,从句中还可以有从句(dovetail several dependent clauses into each other),再加上各种并列成分,附加成分(如同位语、插入语、独立成分),尤其是形形色色的修饰成分,这样一来,这些各式各样的长短成分,通过丰富而灵活的连接手段,可以接成
7、枝叶横生的“参天大树”。第8页/共63页Why English sentences are so complex?第三、英语句子受亚里士多德的演绎法逻辑思维模式影响,呈句首封闭、句尾开放。定语修饰语可以后置,又有关系词与被修饰语连接,句子可以不断向句尾扩展、延伸。英语还常用先行代词“it”及其他预指性代词,把真正的主语或宾语移到后面,并根据需要加以不断扩充,形成句子的末端重量(end-weight)。第9页/共63页Why English sentences are so complex?英语句子可以顺线性向后扩展延伸(natural linear expansion:right-branch
8、ing)的特点导致句子长度大大超过汉语,也使句子变得繁复。从理论上说,英语right-branching的扩展是无限的,因而句子可以拉得很长。第10页/共63页This is the farmer that sowed the corn,向后延伸That kept the cock that crowed in the morn,再延伸That waked the priest all shaven and shorn,再延伸That married the man all tattered and torn,再延伸That kissed the maiden all forlorn,再延伸T
9、hat milked the cow with the crumpled horn,再延伸That tossed the dog再延伸That worried the cat再延伸That killed the cat再延伸That ate the malt再延伸That lay in the house that Jack built第11页/共63页英语以主谓核心协调(S-V concord)控制全句结构,有词的形态变化约束,有连接手段连接词语和从句,有代词使词语前呼后应,这些因素都可以使冗长的句子不致流散。REastman指出,“The English sentence is extre
10、mely plastic.It can be enlarged,combined,adjusted with almost any degree of fineness to accommodate a writer thought.”因此,英语句子,尤其是书面语的句子,常常是环扣相嵌,盘根错节,句中有句。换言之,英语造句主要采用“楼房建筑法”(architecture style),句子一般有完整的结构,许多有关的成分通过各种表示关系和连接的手段组成关系词结集(conjunctive-nexus),直接或间接地粘附在这个句子结构的里外、前后、左右或中间,整个句子成了庞大复杂的“建筑物”。第1
11、2页/共63页The present movement toward simplification of language and directness of statement in government writing and the elimination of jargon and unnecessary wordiness as well as the use of short,direct statements instead of long sentences which are difficult to understand because the reader is apt
12、to get lost before he arrives,if he ever does,at the meaning intended by the writer,is a valuable attempt to achieve economy and intelligibility,for many pamphlets,instruction sheets,ordinary memoranda and assorted missives circulated through the War Department fail of their primary purpose through
13、befogging their contents by use of pseudo-official phraseology which only the initiated can hope to understand and of which even they cannot be certain without reference either to the key works needed for translating them or to their own garbled and confused memories of dealing,usually without much
14、success and always after a long period of time and travail,with similar kinds of wording in similar situations,so,though don t be too hopeful,for someone with unusual gifts and energy in applying them will manage triumphantly to misunderstand you no matter what you say or how you say it,try saying w
15、hat you have to say as simply and as briefly as you can,and then after youve said it,stop saying it and dont say it any more.第13页/共63页为去除政府公文中繁冗之行话、晦涩之长句,使读者不致迷失于追寻意义之途,语言的化繁为简运动实属当前有益之举,唯此方可达简约、易懂之目的。而陆军部所流通之手册、说明、备忘及各种公文,充斥虚假官方之措辞,往往不知所云,非参考重要著作以解读、或求助混乱之记忆而不能明悉撰文者之意,时日苦功已耗,而未必有所获。故,与其盼聪慧之闲人有此心力解汝
16、繁杂之话语,不如尽力简明表达,一步达意。第14页/共63页Why do so many writers prefer complexity to simplicity1、官员总对那些传统的旧时流行词语(outworn words and phrases)和习以为常的官方、议会和外交语言依依不舍,认为这种词语能够显示官方的尊严,而普通词语就难以做到。第15页/共63页Why do so many writers prefer complexity to simplicity2、许多作者仍然对青春时期所喜欢的长词(lovely long words)情有独钟,如irrelevant,disench
17、antment,confrontation,intractable,discriminatory,opportunistic,因为这些词经过精心挑选,来之不易,能够显示作者有身份、有学问,而普通词语就难以做到。第16页/共63页Why do so many writers prefer complexity to simplicity3、许多作者尤其是官员,都有这样一种心理:言辞精确有时是危险的,因而“Mistiness is the mother of safety”.(Newman)政客早就知道言辞精确是危险的,尤其是大选的时候。因此,为了“cover the utterance with
18、 a mist of vagueness”,宁可采用“the hackneyed official phrase,the wide circumlocution,the vague promise,the implied qualification”,以使言论闪烁其词(hedging),晦涩不清(obscurity)。第17页/共63页Why do so many writers prefer complexity to simplicity4、为了使言辞显得彬彬有礼,常常借助委婉语使言语委婉、含糊,这样就不易冒犯他人。含糊的言辞比较不会令人惊恐和忧虑,而普通词语往往会产生令人不愉快的联想。委
19、婉又含糊的言辞常常使本来非常简单的语句变得复杂、难懂。第18页/共63页Why do so many writers prefer complexity to simplicity5、不少作者喜欢炫耀、卖弄和表现自己(show off),生怕所写的东西被认为是肤浅的、外行的,因而“parade their knowledge of long or unfamiliar or foreign words,or show that they are familiar with the latest fashion”,从而使言辞复杂起来。第19页/共63页Why do so many writers
20、 prefer complexity to simplicity6、有些作者懒得“clear thinking”,随便借用别人那些现成的复杂语句,正如George Orwell所说,Sloppy and ready-made phrases“will construct your sentences for you and even think your thoughts for you to a certain extent”。第20页/共63页根据这种嗜好complexity的文风,不少语言学家都呼吁要加以改进。Direct,simple,vigorous and lucidPrefer
21、the familiar word to the far-fetchedPrefer the concrete word to the abstractPrefer the single word to the circumlocutionPrefer the short word to the longPrefer the Saxon word to the Romance第21页/共63页繁复与简短 Complex vs.Simplex J 英语的繁复J 汉语的简短(唐俊彦)J 英汉/汉英翻译中的化繁为简/化简为繁第22页/共63页 “汉语采用散句(汉语采用散句(loose sentenc
22、eloose sentence)、松句、紧缩句、松句、紧缩句(contracted sentencecontracted sentence)、省略句、流水句()、省略句、流水句(run-on run-on sentencesentence)、并列句()、并列句(coordination)coordination)或并列形式的复句或并列形式的复句(composite sentence)(composite sentence),以中短句居多,最佳长度为,以中短句居多,最佳长度为4 4到到1212字。字。书面语虽也用长句,字数较多,结构复杂,但常用标点或虚词书面语虽也用长句,字数较多,结构复杂,但常
23、用标点或虚词把句子切开,与英语相比,还属短句。没有标点符号的一气呵把句子切开,与英语相比,还属短句。没有标点符号的一气呵成的类似英语的那种长句在汉语里是不正常的成的类似英语的那种长句在汉语里是不正常的(例如本句例如本句)。”汉语句子多数显得结构简化,无拖沓、盘错之感。汉语句子多数显得结构简化,无拖沓、盘错之感。汉语句子结构特征第23页/共63页 王力(王力(19841984:457457)指出)指出中英作文差异:中英作文差异:“中国人作文虽讲究炼句,然中国人作文虽讲究炼句,然其所谓炼句只是着重在造其所谓炼句只是着重在造成一个典雅的句子,并非成一个典雅的句子,并非要扩充句子的组织。恰恰要扩充句子
24、的组织。恰恰相反,中国人喜欢用四个相反,中国人喜欢用四个字的短句子,以为这样可字的短句子,以为这样可以使文章遒劲。由此看来,以使文章遒劲。由此看来,西洋人做文章把语言化零西洋人做文章把语言化零为整,中国人做文章几乎为整,中国人做文章几乎可以说是化整为零。可以说是化整为零。”英语英语化零为整化零为整 汉语汉语化整为零化整为零汉语句子结构特征第24页/共63页1.1.汉语句子呈句首开放、句尾收缩汉语句子呈句首开放、句尾收缩(left-(left-branching)branching)Example:Example:Can you answer a question which I want to
25、 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?ask and which is puzzling me?你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?汉语句子结构特征第25页/共63页2.2.汉语句子向前延伸汉语句子向前延伸Example:Example:The time has long passed when they sought comfort The time has
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 繁复 简短
限制150内