高考英语真题分类汇编:专题16-阅读理解之科普类说明文-Word版含解析.pdf
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1、1 专题十六 阅读理解之科普类说明文 1.【2015湖北卷】D The oddness of life in space never quite goes away.Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arms out
2、,they float free in zero gravity,often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled(芭蕾)dancer.“Im an inside guy,”Mike Hopkins says,who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”On the station,the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike f
3、or the American astronauts has no handlebars.It also has no seat.With no gravity,its just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to hel
4、p circulate air,the carbon dioxide you exhale(呼气)has a tendency to form an invisible(隐形的)cloud around you head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao,54,an American retired astronaut after four flights,describes what happens even before you float out of your s
5、eat,”Your inner ear thinks yourre falling.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you youre standing straight.That can be annoyingthats why some people feel sick.”Within a couple days truly terrible days for some astronauts brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear,and space sickness dis
6、appears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous.For instance,astronauts lose bone mass.Thats why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitness is as much about scie
7、nce and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home,and,more importantly,how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A.Decid
8、ing on a proper sleep position B.Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C.Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D.Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _.A.the y circle around on their bikes 2 3 B.they use microcomputers without a stop C.th
9、ey exercise in one place for a long time D.they watch a movie while pedaling 65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _.A.their senses stop working B.they have to stand up straight C.they float out of their seats unexpectedly D.whether they are able to go back to
10、 the station 66.One of the NASAs major concerns about astronauts is _.A.how much exercise they do on the station B.how they can remain healthy for long in space C.whether they can recover after returning home D.whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析:这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙:在太空睡觉时,对
11、宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势;宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛;宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。63.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时,对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选 A 项。64.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have t
12、o be careful about staying in one place too long.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选 C 项。65.D 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks youre failing.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you youre standing straight.That can be annoying-thats why some peop
13、le feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选 D 项。66.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthyNASA is worried about two things:and,more importantly,how maintain strength and fitness”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保
14、持健康。故选 B 项。【考点定位】说明文阅读 4【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点,文章逻辑性强,条理清楚,主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意:1.平时多读科普知识类文章,学习科普知识,积累常见的科普词汇,从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(高考题中一般不给出标题)、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述,这部分是命题的重点,考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括,并与导语相呼应,命题者常在此要设
15、计一道推理判断题。3.在进行推理判断时,考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据,同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。2.【2015北京卷】C 5 Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as mos
16、t light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist in biology,says,“These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless theyre eating it,or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear as glass.How d
17、oes an animal become see-through?Its trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light,stopping it dead
18、in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it,so you can see it easily.But a transparent object doesnt absorb or scatter light,at least not very much,Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesnt
19、 look very different from the surrounding air or water.You dont see it-you see the things behind it.To become transparent,an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素)that absorb specific colors of light.But a tr
20、ansparent animal doesnt have pigments,so its tissues wont absorb light.According to Johnsen,avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materials-skin,fat,and more-and light moves through each at a different speed.Ev
21、ery time light moves into a material with a new speed,it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light,it is easier to be seethrough.Others build a large,clear mass of non-livi
22、ng jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it.Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge,because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how theyre doing it is still unknown.One thin
23、g is clear for these larger animals,staying transparent is an active process.When they die,they turn a non-transparent milky white.63.According to Paragraph 1,transparent animals_.A.stay in groups B.can be easily damaged C.appear only in deep ocean D.are beautiful creatures 6 64.The underlined word“
24、dead”in Paragraph 3 means_.A.silently B.gradually C.regularly D.completely 65.One way for an animal to become transparent is to _.A.change the direction of light travel B.gather materials to scatter light.C.avoid the absorption of light D.grow bigger to stop light.66.The last paragraph tells us that
25、 larger transparent animals_.A.move more slowly in deep water B.stay see-through even after death C.produce more tissues for their survival D.take effective action to reduce light spreading【解析】试题分析:文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点,透明原理,以及形成机制。63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行:Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damag
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