牛津高中英语语法模块一至模块十语法.pdf

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1、牛津高中英语模块一至模块十语法牛津高中英语模块一至模块十语法牛津高中英语模块一牛津高中英语模块一第一单元第一单元一一 定语从句：定语从句的介绍定语从句：定语从句的介绍1 1就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。形容词：形容词：The green teamThe green team介词短语：介词短语：The team in greenThe team in green定语从句：定语从句：The team who were wearing gr

2、eenThe team who were wearing green2 2定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如 which,that,which,that,who,who,whom,whose,whom,whose,或关或关系副词来引导，如系副词来引导，如 when,where,whywhen,where,why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。如：做主语如：做主语 The trees which are on the sch

3、ool campus have lost theirThe trees which are on the school campus have lost theirleaves.leaves.做宾语做宾语 The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in ourThe student whom we saw just now is the best runner in ourschool.school.做表语做表语 Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.Jack is no

4、 longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定语做定语 She has a bShe has a brother whose name I cant remember.rother whose name I cant remember.做状语做状语 The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二二 定语从句：关系代词：定语从句：关系代词：thatthat，whichwhich，whowho，whomwhom，和，和 whosewh

5、ose1 1在定语从句中，在定语从句中，thatthat 和和 whichwhich 用来指代物。用来指代物。如：如：ThisThis isis thethe storystory thatthat/which/which wewe wrotewrote forfor ourour storytellingstorytelling contest.contest.2 2在定语从句中，在定语从句中，whowho 用来指代人。用来指代人。如：如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.I am going to s

6、ee a friend who has just come back from the UK.3 3当当 whowho 在定语从句中做宾语时，在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用可以用 whomwhom 来取代，来取代，且且 whomwhom 比比 whowho 更正式。更正式。如：I如：I dontdont knowknow thethe namename ofof thethe teacherteacher who/whomwho/whom I I sawsaw inin thethe computercomputerroom the other day.room the other day.4

7、4当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，whowho，whomwhom，whichwhich 和和 thatthat 可以被省略。可以被省略。如：如：HeHe likeslikes allall thethe birthdaybirthday presents(that/which)hispresents(that/which)his friendsfriends gavegave him.him.5 5WhoseWhose 用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。如：如：I sat next to a girl whose name wa

8、s Diane.I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden everyThe club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden everySaturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon.第二单元第二单元一一 定语从句：定语从句：介词提前的定语从句介词提前的定语从句（prepositionprepositionwhich;which;

9、prepositionprepositionwhomwhom）1 1当关系代词（当关系代词（which/whomwhich/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。系代词的前面。如：如：WeWe thoughtthought youyou werewere a a personperson fromfrom whomwhom wewe couldcould expectexpect goodgood decisions.decisions.2 2在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句

10、的最后。如：如：Art is the subject which I know little about.Art is the subject which I know little about.3 3如果介词放在定语从句的最后，如果介词放在定语从句的最后，whichwhich 可以被可以被 thatthat 取代，取代，whomwhom 可以被可以被 thatthat和和 whowho 取代。取代。如：如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily

11、talk to.4 4当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词我们通常省略关系代词 whowho 和和 thatthat。如：如：The topic(which)Eric is interested in is Physics.The topic(which)Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person(whom)I want to make friends with.Daniel is the person(whom)I

12、 want to make friends with.5 5当先行词是当先行词是 wayway 时，时，我们用我们用 inin whichwhich 或或 thatthat 来引导定语从句，来引导定语从句，这种情况下，这种情况下，in whichin which 或或 thatthat 可以被省略。可以被省略。如：I didnt like the way(that/in which)she talked to me.如：I didnt like the way(that/in which)she talked to me.二二 定语从句：关系副词：定语从句：关系副词：whenwhen，wher

13、ewhere，why why1 1 我们通常用关系副词我们通常用关系副词 whenwhen 引导先行词是引导先行词是 timetime，momentmoment，dayday，season season，yearyear 等等的定语从句。的定语从句。如：如：Do you remember the day when we left you in chargeDo you remember the day when we left you in chargeI often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.I often think of the mom

14、ent when I saw the UFO.2 2 我们通常用关系副词我们通常用关系副词 wherewhere 引导先行词是引导先行词是 placeplace，househouse，citycity，countrycountry，citycity，worldworld 等的定语从句。等的定语从句。如：如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where bad b

15、ehavior goes unpunished.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3 3我们通常用关系副词我们通常用关系副词 whywhy 引导先行词是引导先行词是 reasonreason 的定语从句。的定语从句。如：I dont know the reason why the house is s如：I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.o dirty.4 4在更加正式的英语中，在更加正式的英语中，wherewhere，whenwhen 和和 whywh

16、y 能够被介词能够被介词whichwhich 所替代。所替代。如：如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with myThe study is the place where/in which I often have talks with myfather.father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.I

17、t rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三单元第三单元一一 定语从句：非限制性定语从句定语从句：非限制性定语从句1 1非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。通常有个逗号。如如：Amy,Amy,whowho tooktook weight-lossweight-lo

18、ss pills,pills,nownow realizesrealizes thatthat healthhealth isisimportant.important.My pills are in the bathroom,where I always keep them.My pills are in the bathroom,where I always keep them.2 2当先行词是整个主句时，可以用当先行词是整个主句时，可以用 whichwhich 来引导定语从句。来引导定语从句。如：如：He missed the show,which was a great pity.He

19、 missed the show,which was a great pity.3 3我们可以用我们可以用 allallwhom/whichwhom/which 来表示全部数量，用来表示全部数量，用 some ofsome ofwhom/whichwhom/which 来表来表示部分数量。示部分数量。如：如：I I amam doingdoing differentdifferent typestypes ofof exercises,exercises,allall ofof whichwhich areare quitequite helpfulhelpfulto my health.to

20、 my health.Many people,some of whom are not overweight,are going on diet.Many people,some of whom are not overweight,are going on diet.二二 附加疑问句附加疑问句1 1附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问

21、意见或征求同意。用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。会用降调来表达。当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。2 2附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：1 1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我）在肯定的陈述句

22、之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。们会用肯定的附加疑问句。如：如：We can still be fWe can still be friends,cant weriends,cant weHe doesnt like ice cream,does heHe doesnt like ice cream,does he2 2）当主句中有像当主句中有像 neitherneither，nonenone，nobodynobody，nothingnothing，fewfew，littlelittle，nevernever，hardlyhardly 或或 sel

23、domseldom 这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。疑问句。如：如：Neither of you will have coffee,will youNeither of you will have coffee,will youNo one has found my CD,have theyNo one has found my CD,have theyNobody understood his speech,did theyNobody understood his speech,did theyHis si

24、ster seldom argues with people,does sheHis sister seldom argues with people,does she3 3）人称代词如人称代词如 I I，wewe，youyou，hehe，sheshe，itit 或或 theythey 会放在附加疑问句中。会放在附加疑问句中。如：I was pretty silly,wasnt I如：I was pretty silly,wasnt IEveryone has advises you not to go on a diet,havent youEveryone has advises you

25、not to go on a diet,havent you4 4）助动词，情态动词或助动词，情态动词或 bebe 动词会放在附加疑问句中。动词会放在附加疑问句中。如：You like traveling,dont you如：You like traveling,dont youThere is somethiThere is something wrong,isnt thereng wrong,isnt thereYou cant speak Italian,can youYou cant speak Italian,can you5 5）祁使句后用祁使句后用 will youwill yo

26、u，LetsLets 后用后用 shall weshall we如：如：Post a letter for me,will youPost a letter for me,will youLets have a break,shall weLets have a break,shall we牛津高中英语模块二牛津高中英语模块二第一单元第一单元一一 现在完成时态现在完成时态1 1我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。如：如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly

27、 very unhappy.The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2 2我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。如：如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.3 3当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态

28、。经常连用的时间短用的时间短语有：语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yetalready ever for just lately never recently since yetalreadyalready 用语肯定句，用语肯定句，yetyet 用语否定句。用语否定句。如：如：The boy has already come home.I havenThe boy has already come home.I havent heard anything fromt heard anything fromhim yet.

29、him yet.for+for+一段时间一段时间 since+since+点时间点时间如：如：WeWe havenhavent t seenseen himhim forfor twotwo years.Weyears.We havenhavent t seenseen himhim sincesince 2002.2002.注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。4 4我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。如：如：The police have jus

30、t finished searching the area.The police have just finished searching the area.5 5我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。如：如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.6 6现在完成时态的构成是：现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+have/has+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词二二 现在完成进行时态

31、现在完成进行时态1 1我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。如：如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2 2我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。如：如：-Sorry-Sorry IIm late.Have you been waiting lo

32、ngm late.Have you been waiting long-Yes,-Yes,IIve been waiting for an hour.ve been waiting for an hour.3 3现在完成进行时态的构成：现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has+been+doinghave/has+been+doing注：注：forfor 和和 sincesince 和现在完成进行时态连用。和现在完成进行时态连用。如：如：I have been waiting for a long time.I have been waiting for a long time.He has

33、been waiting since nine oHe has been waiting since nine oclock.clock.三三 现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态1 1我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。如：如：LiLi JiaJia hashas readread a a bookbook aboutabout Stonehenge.Stonehenge.(She(She finished

34、finished readingreading thethe book.)book.)Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.(She is still reading Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.(She is still readingthe book.)the book.)2 2 我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。如：如：I have visited Egypt

35、 twice this month.I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.I have been touring Egypt for two months.现在完成时态用于回答现在完成时态用于回答 how many/muchhow many/much 的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答 howhowlonglong 的提问。的提问。如：如：How many times have you swum in the lakeHow many times

36、 have you swum in the lakeHow long have you been swimming in the lakeHow long have you been swimming in the lake3 3状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。在完成进行时态中。如：如：I have had this camera for five years.(I have had this camera for five years.(状态动词状态动词)I have t

37、aken photos of UFO with this camera.I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）（动作动词）I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）（动作动词）注：注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如如 gogo，playplay。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如如 likelike，know

38、know，existexist4 4当当 never never，yetyet，alreadyalready，everever 出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。现在完成进行时态。如：I如：Ive never visited Paris.ve never visited Paris.IIve already been to Paris.ve already been to Paris.第二单元第二单元一一 将来进行时态将来进行时态1 1我们用将来进行时态来：我们用将来进行时态来：1 1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。）谈论将来一

39、段时间正在进行的事情。如：如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next weekToby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week2 2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。如：如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday.He will be climbing in theToby will not be in London next Tuesday.He will be c

40、limbing in theHimalayas.Himalayas.3 3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。如：如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive inThe weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive inLondon.London.在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。4 4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。）礼貌地询问有关其

41、他人将来的计划。如：如：Will you be visiting your uncle in TanzaniaWill you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania2 2将来进行时态的构成：将来进行时态的构成：1 1）陈述句：）陈述句：will(not)+v-ingwill(not)+v-ing如：如：Toby and his brother,Colin,will(not)be flying to Morocco.Toby and his brother,Colin,will(not)be flying to Morocco.2 2）疑问句：）疑问句：willw

42、ill 提到主语的前面提到主语的前面如：如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15Will they be flying to Morocco on 15thth July July3 3）回答：）回答：willwill（notnot）如：如：Yes,they will./No,they will not(wonYes,they will./No,they will not(wont)t)二二 过去将来时态过去将来时态1 1我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：1 1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。）表示过去的将来某一时

43、间要发生的动作。如：如：They set off at 9.and would reach the airport an hour later.They set off at 9.and would reach the airport an hour later.2)2)暗指一个过去的目的。暗指一个过去的目的。如：如：I was going to leave,but then it rained.I was going to leave,but then it rained.3)3)暗指一个过去的安排。暗指一个过去的安排。如：如：Colin called Jennifer to say tha

44、t he was seeing her later thatColin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later thatafternoon.afternoon.4)4)指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。如：如：The journey that was to change TobyThe journey that was to change Tobys life started in July thats life started in July thatyear.year.2 2陈述句中过去将来时态的

45、构成：陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：1 1）would+would+动词原形动词原形如：如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2)was/were going to2)was/were going to，was/were to,was/were about towas/were to,was/were about to如：如：WeWe werewere goinggoing toto seesee the

46、the wildwild animals,animals,butbut thenthen wewe didndidnt t havehave time.time.It was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morning.It was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morning.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.Colin was about to get off

47、the camel when a child ran towards him.第三单元第三单元一一 过去完成时态过去完成时态1 1我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。如：如：Upon entering the tomb,CarterUpon entering the tomb,Carter s lucky pet bird,which had led hims lucky pet bird,which had led him

48、to the place,was eaten by a snake.to the place,was eaten by a snake.2 2在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。如：如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,We emptied the tomb of everything it contai

49、ned,”said saidCarterCarter saidsaid thatthat theythey hadhad emptiedemptied thethe tombtomb ofof everythingeverything ititcontained.contained.3 3过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。长段时间以前的动作。如：如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum

50、.I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4 4 过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如如 when,when,after,after,before,before,asas soonsoonas,until,since,by,for,already.as,until,since,by,for,already.如：如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb,Lord CarnarvonThen a f