并列句和复合句英语从句.pdf

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1、 并列句和复合句 一、并列句。并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起构成。常见的并列句的结构是：简单句+并列连接词+简单句，这种简单句常被叫做分句。并列连词前可以用逗号，也可以不用逗号。常用的连接词如下：also,and,but,eitheror,however,not onlybut also,or,or else,so,still,yet,neithernor等。Eg：He studied hard,and he passed the examination.他学习努力并通过了考试。Lets hurry,or well be late.咱们赶紧点，要不就迟到了。I have been t

2、o Beijing many times,but my parents have never been there.我去过北京多次，但我父母从没去过。These flowers are white,and those flowers are red.这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。I am a worker,but my brother is a professor.我是一个工人，但是我的兄弟是个教授。注：当 when 作“就在这时（and just then）”解时，其引导的分句也是并列句。Eg：I was wandering through the streets when I caugh

3、t sight of a shop for clothes.我正在街上徘徊，就在这时，我突然看见了一家服装店。二、复合句。复合句是由两个或两个以上的简单句用某种连接方式连在一起的句子。在句子中作某一个成分的句子叫作从句。1.从句由连接词引导。2.从句尽管有主谓结构，但不能单独成为一个句子。在句中，从句仅担任某个成分。根据所担任的成分，从句可分为名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。Eg：What he said is not true.他说的不是实话。I know its difficult to master English well.我知道学好英语不容

4、易。The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation.伊拉克在一两周内就可以被攻占的这一想法是估计不足（的想法）。Do you know the man who is in the car?你认识坐在汽车里的那个人吗？Ill let you know as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就告诉你。例题：_she couldnt under

5、stand was_fewer and fewer showed their interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;what 三、名词性从句。名词性从句是指在句子中起名词作用的各种词性。按其在句子中的功用，名词性从句可分为 4 大类：（1）主语从句-在复合句中作主语（2）表语从句-在复合句中作表语（3）宾语从句-在复合句中作宾语（4）同位语从句-在复合句中作一名词的同位语。常用的从属连词有：that,who,whom,whether,if,what,whose,which,when,where,h

6、ow,why 等。Eg:What they are doing seems very important.他们要做的似乎很重要。（主语从句）My hope is that he will be the best student in my class.我的愿望是他成为我班最好的学生。（表语从句）Do you know who he is?你知道他是谁吗？（宾语从句）I dont like the idea that money is everything.金钱就是一切，这个观点我不喜欢。例题：It is pretty well understood_controls the flow of c

7、arbon dioxide I and out the atmosphere today.A.that B.when C.what D.how 1.主语从句。在句中起主语作用的句子叫作主语从句。引导主语从句的词有：that,who,whether,if,what,which,whose,when,where,how,why 等。主语从句常出现在下面 3 中结构中。（1）主语从句+谓语。Eg：That she will come to our party is certain.她来参加我们的晚会是肯定的。Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦

8、的黑板还不知道。That hell come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好了。（2）It+be+形容词（名词词组、过去分词）+that 从句。Eg：It is quite clear that the elephants ear is like a huge fan.大象的耳朵像把大扇子，这一点很清楚。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸不是鱼，这时常识。It is said that our school will be rebuilt.据说我校将要重建。Its very good

9、 that he has passes the exam.他通过了考试太好了。在这种结构中，that 引导的从句后置。而使用 it 作形式主语，它也可以与前面讲到的结构换用。用于该结构的形容词很多，常见的有：obvious,clear,likely,true,certain该结构中，如果使用了某些形容词、名词词组、过去分词，后面的主语从句要使用虚拟语气。Eg：It is my suggestion that everybody(should)be there by six oclock.大家都在六点前到那里，这是我的建议。（3）It+seem(happen 等不及物东刺激)+that 从句。E

10、g:It seems that Mary is not coming at all.好像玛丽根本不会来了。用于该结构的不及物动词有：seem,happen,appear,matter该结构有的可以用不定式结构转换。如上面句子可转换为：Mary doesnt seem to be coming at all.例句：I read about it in some book.Does it matter_it was?A.where B.what C.how D.which 2.表语从句。在句子中其表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词的后面。表语从句的顺序也是陈述句的顺序，只是它们引导的从

11、句在复合句中的位置发生了变化，放在了表语的位置上，通常跟在系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有：if,whether,what,which,when,where,how,why,as if/as though 等。Eg:That is why I am late.这就是我迟到的原因。The truth is that he is the thief.事实上他就是小偷。The problem is that they are short of money.问题是，他们缺钱。The question is whether it is worth reading.问题是它是否值得一读。They are j

12、ust what I want.它们就是我要的东西。Thats why they were late.那就是他们迟到的原因。例题：-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that_you had a few days off.A.why B.when C.what D.where 3.宾语从句。在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在及物动词或介词之后作了宾语。引导 宾语从句的连词有：that,if,whether,what,which,when,where,how,why 等，各自的意义不变。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述语序。E

13、g：I dont expect that he had broken the glass.我没有想到他把玻璃打碎了。Can you tell me how many students there are in your class?你能告诉我你们班有多少学生吗？Please tell me who is your teacher.请告诉我谁是你的老师。I dont know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。I worried about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是不是我伤了她的感情。We quite agree with what

14、you said.我们非常同意你说的话。例题：1.Do you remember_he came?-Yes,I do.He came by car.A.how B.when C.that D.it 2.A computer can only do_you have instructed it to do.Ahow B.what C.after D.when 3.The way he did it was different_we were used to.A.in which B.in what C.from what D.from which 4.The shopkeeper did not

15、 want to sell for_he thought was not enough.A.where B.how C.what D.which 4.同位语从句。用连词 that，whether 以及连接代词 who,which,what 和连接副词 how,when,where,why 等来引导从句作同位语。称为同位语从句。在同位语从句中 that 虽不作句子成分，且无意义，但一般不可省略，同位语从句常对一些抽象名词做进一步解释和说明，这些常见的名词有：idea,fact,news,hope,proposal,suggestion,belief,word,thought,doubt,trut

16、h,possibility,promise,order 等。Eg：The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动者将会在家里工作的可能性。We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。The question who should go abroad requires consideration.谁出国这个问题还

17、需要考虑。I have no idea when she will come back.我不知道她什么时候回来。Word came that he had been abroad.据说他已经出国了。注：came 是主句的谓语，插在主句 word 和同位语从句之间。通常，同位语从句紧接在与它同位的名词后面的，但当主句的谓语比较短时，为了防止头重脚轻，同位语从句可以和它同位的名词隔开。Eg：The thought came to her that some strange things would happen.她觉得某种奇怪的事情要发生。在 advice,order,request,sugges

18、tion 等名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词常用（should）+动词原形。Eg：The professor gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.教授给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。例题：Word came_I was wanted at the office.A.which B.why C.that D.whether 四、名词性从句的用法。1.名词性从句要用陈述语气。Eg：Whether she will come doesnt matter too much.她是否来不太要紧。This is where you are

19、wrong.这就是你的错误所在。主语从句可以用 it 作形式主语，将主语从句后置，以示强调或使句子平衡。有以下一些固定的结构。2.It is+形 容 词（clear,important,possible,necessary,strange,unnecessary）表示“很清楚，很重要，很可能，很有必要，很奇怪，不必，等”。Eg:It is certain that China will develop fast with the open-up policy.可以肯定，中国有了开放的政策，会发展的很快。It is strange that he should have passed the e

20、xam.很奇怪，他倒是考试及格了。It is important that we young people(should)learn English and master it.年轻人学习并掌握英语是很重要的。3.It is+名词（a pleasure,a pity,a pleasant thing,ones duty,an honor,a shame,no easy job,a fact,good news,a good thing 等）表示“很高兴，很可惜，高兴的事是，某人有责任，很荣幸，可惜的是，很难的事是，事实上，好消息是，好事是”。Eg：It is a sheer waste of

21、time that we read that kind of trash.我们阅读那样的垃圾（图书）全然是浪费时间。It is a pity that they have to go without her.很可惜他们不能带上她就得走了。4.It is+过去分词（well-known,said,reported,recorded,noted,estimated,thought,believed 等）表示“众所周知，据说，据报道，据记载，应当记住，据估计，有人认为，人们相信”。It must be pointed out that需要指出 It has been found that已经发现 I

22、t turns out/follows that结果是/因此 It has been proved that已证明 It can be seen that可以看出 It seems/happens/chances似乎/碰巧 Eg：It happened that I was out when they came to see me yesterday evening.他们昨晚来看我时，我碰巧出去了。It was announced that the Prime Minister would speak on television that evening.据通告，首相将于当晚发表电视讲话。It

23、s generally accepted that smoking causes dad health.一般认为吸烟有害健康。例题：1.It is generally believed that teaching is_it is a science.A.an art much as B.much an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as 2._in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.A.Wh

24、at is required B.What requires C.It is required D.It requires.5.用 whoever 或 whatever 引导的主语从句一般不后置，也不用替代词 it。Eg：Whoever wants a ticket for the play may have one.谁想要戏票可以拿一张。Whatever you say will not change anything of our plan.不管你说什么都不会改变我们的计划。Ill say whatever comes to my mind.我会想到什么酒说什么的。例题：_breaks t

25、he traffic rules is sure to be fined.A.No matter who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.Who 6.带有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第二个或以后的宾语从句的连词不可省略。Eg：He said(that)he had finished his homework and that he would start reading a novel.他说他的作业已经完成，就要开始看小说。7.在“形容词+名词性从句”的结构中，为形容词表示情感、心理活动或确信的意义时，后面的从句被看作是宾语从句。这些形容词有：afraid,sure,glad,hap

26、py,pleased,surprised,worried 等。Eg：Im afraid that you have made a mistake.恐怕你犯了一个错误。We are certain we will do well in English writing.我们确信我们能学好英语写作。Im happy that you came to me the other day.很高兴你那天来看我。8.if 作“是否”解释时，只用于动词后面引导宾语从句，其它名词性从句用 whether 来引导，表示“是否”。Eg：I dont know if/whether he will come or no

27、t.我不知道他是否会来。Whether their school will have to be moved(or not)is undecided yet.他们的学校是否要搬迁还没有决定。9.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，须用 it 作形式宾语，将宾语从句后置。Eg：Im afraid that I have to make it clear that its totally up to you yourselves to decide whether or not you will go to the South Lake this weekend.恐怕我得讲清楚这一点，本周末去不去南湖完

28、全由你们自己决定。10.介词后面的宾语从句一般不用 that 来引导。英语里能接用 that 引导的宾语从句的介词很少，主要有：except(除了)，but(除了)，save(除之外)，besides(除了)，in(在方面)。Eg：It depends on whether they will go or not.这要看他们是否会去。I found nothing wrong in what he said.我发现他说的没错。They were worried about where they cam borrow that much money.他们为到哪里能借到那么多钱而感到担心。I kn

29、ow nothing about Norwegian except that it is similar to Danish and Swedish.除了知道挪威语与丹麦语和瑞典语很相似之外，我对它一点也不了解。Criticism is necessary in that it helps correct our mistakes.从批评有助于改正我们的缺点这个意义上讲，它是有必要的。例题：The suit fitted him well_the color was a little brighter.A.except for B.except that C.except when D.bes

30、ides 11.连词 that 和 what 的用法比较。（1）that 可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定语从句，而 what 则只能引导名词性从句，却不可以引导定语从句。That 在名词性从句中不作句子成分，只起到一种“标识”作用，告诉你后面是一个从句，而what 在名词性从句中一定作句子的某个成分，即主语、宾语或表语。Eg：That he will come is certain.他来是肯定的。（that 不作句子成分。）What he said just now is very important.他刚才说的话很重要。（what 作 said 的宾语。）（2）what 可以解释为 the

31、 thing(s)that,即“的东西/事情”，而 that没有实际的意义，只是其一种语法作用。Eg：What he lost was his newly bought pen.他丢的（东西）是他新买的钢笔。（what=the thing that）What he said at the meeting is important.=The thing that he said at the meeting is important.他在会上所说的事情是重要的。（what 在从句中作宾语，不能省略；从句为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序。）（3）what 引导的从句可以用作介词宾语，而 that 引导

32、的从句一般不可以。what 可以跟不定式，而 that 不可以。Eg：I dont know what to do next.我不知道下一步该做什么。五、定语从句。在复合句中，用来说明主句某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中的一部分）而起的定语作用的句子叫做定语从句，它相当于一个形容词，放在被修饰的名词后面。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子叫做“先行词”，引导定语从句的连词叫做“关系代词”或“关系副词”。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。1.先行词。定语从句先行词分 3 类：（1）代表人（person）（2）代表物（thing）（3）代表全句 E

33、g：(1)The computer(that/which)he lost at the Copenhagen Airport was an IBM laptop.他在哥本哈根机场丢失的电脑是台 IBM 手提电脑。(2)He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。(3)Jenny was late for school a third time during the week,which made her teacher very angry.珍妮一周内迟到三次，这使她的老师很生气。(4)The Korean War

34、broke out in 1950,when China was still in the beginning stage of reconstruction.朝鲜战争于 1950 年爆发，当时中国刚刚开始重建。2.关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词，代替先行词在定语从句中充当成分。关系代词引导定语从句，关系代词在从句里作主语，宾语，定语。关系副词引导定语从句，关系副词在从局里作状语。1)关系代词-主语（who,which,that）Eg:(1)An architect is a person who/that designs houses and buildings.建筑师

35、是设计房屋的人。(2)The supermarket which/that was opened three years ago is called Dongxing Plaza.三年前开张的超市叫东兴广场。(3)The first two must be equal for all who/that are being compared,if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.如果要从智力方面进行任何的比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。2)关系代词-宾语（who,whom,which,that）

36、Eg:(1)The suit which/that the tailor made for me doesnt fit me.裁缝为我做的那套衣服不合我的身材。(2)In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的大街上，没有一个她可以寻求帮助的人。例题：-Why does she always ask you for help?-There is no one else_,is there?A.who to turn to B.she can turn to C.for wh

37、om to turn D.for her to turn 3)关系代词-定语（whose）Eg：(1)The girl whose English is very good won the first place in the 100-metre race.那个英语很棒的女孩在100米赛跑中得了第一名。(2)The house whose roof needs repairing is only three years old.屋顶需要修理的那座房子只有三年的时间。(3)Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave,whose nature we do

38、 not yet understand.也许光是某种电波，其性质我们尚不清楚。注：当 whose 的先行词指物时，可以用the+n+of+which.Eg:(1)He studies in a school whose building are built on top of a hill.(2)He studies in a school the buildings of which are built on top of a hill.他就读的学校的房子都建在山顶上。例题：George Orwell,_was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels

39、and essays.A.the real name B.what his real name C.his real name D.whose real name 4)关系副词-状语（when,where,why）Eg:(1)He came to Hangzhou during the week when I was out.他在我出生的那个礼拜来杭州了。(2)The restaurant where we stayed when we were in Pairs was almost destroyed in a fire.我们在巴黎住的饭店在一场大火中几乎被毁了。(3)Could you

40、please give me a reason why you left us without a word?请给我一个你当时不辞而别的理由好吗？例题：-Is that the small town you often refer to?-Right,just the one_you know I used to work for years.A.that B.which C.where D.what 5)在定语从句中通常是用 the way+in which 或 that 作方式状语，且口语中的 in which 或 that 常可省略。Eg：This is the way(in which

41、/that)he worked out the problem.这就是他解决问题的方法。6)介词后面跟关系代词引导英语从句时，只能用 whom,which 或whose,并且不能省略关系代词。Eg：(1)The woman with whom you shook hands just now is head of the company.The woman(who/whom/that)you shook hands with just now is head of the company.刚才和你握手的那个女人是公司的老板。(2)This is the car to which I refer

42、red in my talk.This is the car(that/which)I referred to in my talk.这就是我讲话中提到的那辆车。(3)Do you happen to know Mr Pattis,in whose department Im working?Do you happen to know Mr Pattis,whose department Im working in?你是不是正好认识 Pattis 先生？我在他的部门工作。3.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句：是先行词不可或缺的部分，去

43、掉它后主语意思往往不明确，不完整。非限制性定语从句：是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。Eg：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。例题：1.I have bought two pens,_writes well.A.none of which B.neither of which C.both of which D.all of that 2

44、.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_are sold abroad.A.of which B.which of C.of them D.of that 2)当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。Eg：(1)Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理-史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。(2)This novel,which I have read three times,is

45、very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。(3)In Sydney Olympic Games the Chinese team got 28 gold medals,16.5 of which were won by women.在悉尼奥运会上，中国对获得了 28 枚金牌，其中 16.5 枚是女子夺得的。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其整个句子表达的意思进行修饰，这时从句的谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。Eg：(1)He seems not to have grasped what I meant,

46、which greatly upsets me.他似乎没明白我的意思，这使我很心烦。(2)Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting.像我们所期望的那样，麦克参加了会议。(3)Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4.关系代词和关系副词的用法。只用 which 不用 that 的情况。1)引导非限制性定语从句。Eg：(1)Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使它很轻。(2)The dam,whi

47、ch is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long.这个大坝长 3830 米，是世界上最大的坝。例题：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son that the others,_,of course,made the others envy him.A.who B.that C.what D.which 2)关系代词前有介词时。Eg:This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的房间。3)先行词为 that 时。Eg：The

48、clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。当先行词指物时，只用 that 不用 which 的情况。1)先行词前有序数词或 last 修饰。Eg:(1)The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。(2)This is the third book that she has given me.这是她给我的第三本书了。(3)The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting

49、 impression on him.他在长城第一眼所看到的景象给他留下了长久的印象。2)先行词被形容词最高级修饰。Eg：(1)This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(2)Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.桂林是我参观过得最美丽的城市之一。3)当先行词是 all,little,much,few,everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词或被 all,few,little,no,any 等

50、修饰。Eg:(1)I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞会上跟我讲的话全都告诉他。(2)She told everything that she had known.她知无不言了。(3)There are few books that you can read in this bookstore.这家书店几乎没有什么可以看的书。(4)You can take any room that you like.你可以住任何一间房。(5)There are no clothes that fit you here.这儿没有适合你穿