非谓语动词用法归纳.pdf

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1、非谓语动词用法归纳 非谓语动词用法归纳 2012 年高考对非谓语动词得考查将主要集中在如下两方面:1、非谓语动词得句法功能,即其在句中所充当得成分;2、非谓语动词得一些特殊用法。动词不定式、动名词与分词(包括现在分词与过去分词)可以出现在句子中除谓语以外得任何一个位置上,充当句子得主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分,这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。基本用法 1)、不定式 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be dong 无 2)、动名词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing bei

2、ng done 完成式 having done having been done 3)、分词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否定形式:not+不定式,not+动名词,not+现在分词 注:1、动词不定式得一般式:所表示得动作常发生在谓语动词得动作之后或与谓语动词所表示得动作同时进行;动词不定式进行式:所表示得动作正在进行;动词不定式完成式:所表示得动作则在谓语动词得动作之前发生。2、动词 ing 得一般式:所表示得动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要瞧语境;动词 ing 得完成式:所表示得动作在谓

3、语动词之前发生。he came here to borrow a book、i pretended to be reading when mother came in、she is said to have been sent to europe on business being a student,he was interested in books、having done his homework,he went to bed、the question being discussed is important、非谓语动词主要得句法功能一览表:非谓语动词 功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语

4、 补语 不定式 动名词 极少 分词 1.不定式与动名词作主语得区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)it is not very good for you to smoke so much.您抽这么多烟对您身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知得事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成得事或目得。climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)driving a car during the rush hour is

5、tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3)不定式做主语,一般用 it 当形式主语,把作主语得不定式短语后置。it took me only five minutes to finish the job、动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。it is/was no use/good+doing sth、it is/was not any use/good+doing sth、it is/was of little use/good+doing sth、it is/was useless doing sth、it is no use crying over

6、spilt milk、覆水难收。it is of little good staying up too late every day、每天都熬夜没有什么好处 2.不定式与动名词作宾语得区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:(1)不定式做宾语与宾语补足语 1)下面得动词要求不定式做宾语 afford,agree,arrange,choose,decide,hope,expect,offer,plan,promise,determine,demand,manage,fail,prepare,refuse,pretend,seem 常跟不定式作宾语得动词歌诀:三

7、个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝,设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。hope;wish;want;agree;promise demand;ask;refuse manage;learn;decide pretend;choose 想要拒绝命令,需要努力学习,期望同意帮助,希望决定开始。want;refuse;order need;try;learn expect;agree;help hope;wish;decide;begin;start 2)下面得动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask 要求,邀请 get 请,得到 prompt 促使 allow 允许 forbid 禁止 pre

8、fer 喜欢,宁愿 announce 宣布 force 强迫 press 迫使 bride 收买 inspire 鼓舞 request 请求 assist 协助 hate 憎恶 pronounce 断定,表示 advise 劝告 exhort 告诫,勉励 pray 请求 authorize授权,委托 help 帮助 remend 劝告,推荐 bear 容忍 implore 恳求 remind 提醒 beg 请求 induce 引诱 report 报告 pel 强迫 invite 吸引,邀请,summon 传唤 mand 命令 intend 想要,企图 show 显示 drive 驱赶 mean

9、 意欲,打算 train 训练 cause 引起 instruct 指示 require 要求 deserve 应受 leave 使,让 tell 告诉 direct 指导 like 喜欢 tempt 劝诱 entitle 有资格 order 命令 warn 告诫 enable 使能够 need 需要 urge 激励,力说 encourage 鼓励 oblige 不得不 want 想要 condemn 指责,谴责 lead 引起,使得 teach 教 entreat 恳求 permit 允许 wish 希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 admit,advise,allow,appreci

10、ate,avoid,plete,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,suggest,stop,cant stand,cant help,be worth 常跟动词 ing 作宾语得动词歌诀:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想,避免错过继续练,否认完成停能赏,不禁介意准逃亡,不准冒险凭想象。consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse,pardon/admit,delay/put off,fancy avoid,miss,keep/keep on

11、,practise/deny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciate/cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape/forbid,risk,imagine 例如:i appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago、我很感激两年前给我出国学习得机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词与动词不定式作宾语得差别 以下得动词后面既可接动词得不定式又可以接动词得ing 作宾语:hate,love,prefer,remember,forget,regret,like,tr

12、y,stop,begin,start 既跟动词 ing 又接不定式作宾语得动词歌诀:双方一旦开始,不论喜欢与否,都得继续下去。begin,start,like,prefer,hate,dislike,continue、不管记住与否,努力打算停止,后悔三个需要。remember,forget,try,mean,stop,reget,want,need,require 1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目得就是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做得事 3

13、)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do 对要做得事遗憾 regret doing 对做过得事遗憾、后悔 5)try to do 努力、企图做某事 try doing 试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do 打算,有意要 mean doing 意味着 7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完得事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing 建议(做某事)9)like/love/hate/prefer+to

14、do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念 (注)如果这些动词前有 should 一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:i should like to see him tomorrow.10)need,want,deserve,require+动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。3.不定式、动名词与分词作表语得区别(1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别就是表示将来得动作。to do two things at a time is to do neither.-次做两件事等于未做。what i would suggest

15、is to start work at once、我得建议就是立刻开始干。2)如果主语就是不定式(表示条件),表语也就是不定式(表示结果)。to see is to believe、百闻不如一见。to work means to earn a living.工作就就是为了生活。3)如果主语就是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心得名词,或以what引导得名词性从句,不定式作表语就是对主语起补充说明作用。his wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near

16、 future.她得希望就是在不远得将来买一辆豪华轿车。the most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象得一般性得行为。our work is serving the people.我们得工作就是为人民服务。his hobby is collecting stamps.她得爱好就是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中得现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作就是由主语完成得。动名词做表语,说明主语得性质或情况。his vict

17、ory in the final was no more convincing than i had expected.(3)分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况,一种就是现在分词做表语,一种就是过去分词做表语,这两者区别就是考试中经常考到得地方。一般来说,表示心理状态得动词如 excite,interest 等都就是及物动词,汉语意思不就是“激动”,“高兴”,而就是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该就是“令人激动得”、“令人高兴得”,过去分词则就是“感到激动得”与“感到高兴得”。所以,凡表示“令人得”都就是-ing 形式,凡就是表示“感到”都用-ed 形式。换句话说,若人对感兴趣,就就是

18、somebody is interested in、,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就就是说 sb、/sth、is interesting、这类词常见得有:interesting 使人感到高兴-interested 感到高兴得 exciting 令人激动得-excited 感到激动得 delighting 令人高兴得-delighted 感到高兴得 disappointing 令人失望得-disappointed 感到失望得 encouraging 令人鼓舞得-encouraged 感到鼓舞得 pleasing 令人愉快得-pleased 感到愉快得 puzzling 令人费解得-puzzled 感到

19、费解得 satisfying 令人满意得-satisfied 感到满意得 surprising 令人惊异得-surprised 感到惊异得 worrying 令人担心得-worried 感到担心得 travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行就是有趣得,但就是使人疲劳。the argument is very convincing.她得论点很令人信服。they were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,她们非常激动。4.不定式、现在分词与过去分词作定语得区别(1)不定式作定语 1)不定式与其所修饰得名词可能就是主谓关系 he w

20、as the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天她就是最后一个离开教室得。the train to arrive was from london.将要到站得火车就是从伦敦开来得。2)不定式与其所修饰得名词可能就是动宾关系 get him something to eat.给她拿点儿东西吃。she has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上她有很多工作要做。3)不及物动词构成得不定式做定语,要加上适当得介词与被修饰得名词形成逻辑上得动宾关系,这里得介词不能省去。i need a pen to write with.我

21、需要一支笔写字。there is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁得。4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:ability 能力,本领 drive 赶,驾驶 movement 运动,活动 ambition 抱负,野心 effort 努力,尝试 need 需要,需求 campaign 战役,运动 failure 失败,不及格 opportunity 机会 chance 机会 force 力,压力,要点 promise 许诺,希望 courage 勇气 intention 意向,意图 reason 理由,原因 decision 决定 meth

22、od 方法,方式 light 光,光线,亮光 determination 决心,决定 motive 动机,目得 struggle 奋斗,努力,tendency 倾向,趋势 wish 希望,愿望,祝愿 5)被修饰得名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或 next,second,last,only与 not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。6)不定代词 something,nothing,little,much,a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。john will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容

23、词要器接不定式做补语,则相应得名词一般用不定式做定语。如:tend to do-tendency to do;decide to do=decision to do;be curious to do=curiosity to do his wish to buy a car came true.她要买辆车得愿望实现了。their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.她们放弃这个实验得决定使我们大吃一惊。he is always the first to e and the last to leave.她总就是第一个到来,最后一个离去。

24、(2)分词作定语 分词作定语时有下面几个特点:1.现在分词表示主动意义,正在进行;2.过去分词一般表示被动含意,状态或做完(完成)得事。he rushed into the burning house.她冲进了正在燃烧着得房子。the child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿得男孩子就是我弟弟。the room facing south is our classroom.朝南得房间就是我们得教室。have you got your watch repaired?您拿到那个修好得表了吗?he is an advanced teacher.她就是个先

25、进教师。3)-ing 作定语 动名词多位于其前表示其性能、用途(无时间性可换为 for+doing)he has a reading room、a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)现在分词表正在进行(主谓关系)即主动进行,可换为定语从句;the girl gathering flowers is beautiful、the question being discussed now is important、过去分词作定语有(动宾关系,表完成)即被动完成,可换为定语从句。we can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground

26、、(we can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground、)4)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:作定语得不及物动词分词形式为:v ing 与过去分词。v ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:falling leaves 正落得叶子 fallen leaves 落下得叶子 boiling water 正沸腾得水 boiled water 沸腾过得水(白开水)departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired,returned,r

27、isen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-e(3)不定式与分词作定语时得时间关系 一般来说,不定式所表示得动作发生在谓语动词所表示得动作之后;do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing?您要见那位将从北京请来得医生吗？现在分词所表示得动作与谓语动词所表示得动作同时发生;do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?您要见那位正在办公室里写病历得医生吗？过去分词表

28、示得动作或就是在谓语所表示得动作之前发生,或就是没有一定得时间性。have you read the novel written by dickens?5.作宾补时,三者得区别 1、有些动词接不定式作宾补:(与宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成;表一次性动作)tell/order/persuade/invite/force/warn/encourage/get/ask+sb to do he asked me to finish it in time、the teacher told me to clean the blackboard、feel(一感);hear listen to(二听

29、);have make let(三使);see watch observe notice look at find(六瞧)+sb do 等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略 to,但被动以后要还原 to、i heard him call me several times、i heard her sing the song many times、tom was made to sing、2、有些动词接ing作宾补:feel(一感);hear listen to(二听);have get leavekeep(四使);see watch observe notice look at find(六瞧)+s

30、b doing(强调动作主动,正在进行,或尚未完成;延续性动词)i found her listening to the radio、i heard her singing the song when i passed her room、3、有些动词接过去分词作宾补:feel(一感);hear listen to(二听);make let get have leave keep(六使);see watch observe notice look at find(六瞧)+sb done (表动作被动完成,多强调状态)speak louder so that you can make yourse

31、lf heard、we found the village greatly changed、i heard the song sung in english many times、(3)不带 to 得不定式 下列动词后在主动语态中用不带 to 得不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上 to:它们就是“吾瞧三室两厅一感觉”5 瞧(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2 听(listen to,hear);1 感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let,make 外都可以用现在分

32、词作宾语补足语,此外 find,catch,keep,have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。he was caught stealing、im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time、(注):上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后得不定式一般需带 to,如:he was seen to e.the boy was made to go to bed early、在动词 find 与 help 之后,不定式可带 to 亦可不带 to,如:he was surprised to find the sheep(to)break

33、fence at this season.她发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。3)在 do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中。例如:last night i did nothing but watch tv.昨天晚上,我除了瞧电视别得什么也没有干。但就是,如果谓语动词不就是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么 but(except)所跟得不定式则仍须带。the doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让她戒烟,其它什么都没有说。there was nothi

34、ng for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,她们没有别有别得办法。6.不定式与分词作状语得区别(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语得区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语得最主要区别在于两者与所修饰得主语得主动与被动关系得区别。分词作状语 1.分词作状语得基本原则 分词作状语时,分词得逻辑主语必须与句子得主语保持一致。分词作状语必须与句中主语含有逻辑上得主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。2.分词作状语得句法功能 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系得分词短语有时可由连词 while 或

35、when 引出。1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词得动作就就是句子主语得动作,它们之间得关系就是主动关系。he went out shutting the door behind him、她出去后将门随手关上。not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help、由于不知如何办就是好,她去找父母帮忙。2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示得动作就是句子主语承受得动作,它们之间得关系就是被动关系。given more attention,the trees could have grown better、如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。

36、faced with difficulties,we must try to overe them、在遇到困难得时候,我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式与分词作状语得区别 1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目得。they stood by the roadside talking about the plan.她们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)they stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.她们站在路边为得就是谈论这个计划。(目得)2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目得以外,

37、还表示结果或原因。reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,她忘了吃午饭得时间。(原因)reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.她仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道得东西。(时间)reading carefully,youll learn something new.只要您仔细阅读,您会学到一些新得东西。(条件)his family was too poor to support him.她得家庭太穷,不能维持她得生活。(结果)we are g

38、lad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)(3)下面一些句型就是不定式做状语时候应该注意得:a:not/never tooto,toonot to,but/only too to,too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义 b:做结果状语得不定式只能出现在句子得末尾,常见得不定式动词有:find,hear,see,be told,form,give,make,produce 等。c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子得主语,否则用 for 引导主语。7.非谓语动词常考得其它结构(1)疑问词+不定式结构 疑问词 who,what,

39、which,when,where与 how 后加不定式可构成一种特殊得不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语与双重宾语。如:when to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)i dont know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)the difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)i can tell you where to get this book、我可以告诉您哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)注)a、有时疑问词前可用介词,如:i have no idea of ho

40、w to do it、我不知道如何做此事。b、动词 know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how,what)+不定式:(2)介词 except与but作“只有,只能”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to得不定式连用)。when the streets are full of melting snow,you cannot help but getting your shoes wet、(4)不定式-动名词-得逻辑主语 1)不定式得逻辑主语为:for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式(作状语)。例如:i found it impossible for him to do the job

41、 alone.我发现她个人干这活就是不可能得。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等得形容词后面,常用 of 引出不定式得逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等 it is very kind of you to help me.您帮助我太好了 it

42、was wise of him to do that.她那样做就是明智得。2)动名词得逻辑主语为;人称代词得所有格+动名词(作主语);名词s+动名词(作主语)。例如:his arriving added to our difficulties、my brothers telling lies made me very angry、8.独立主格结构 独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份就是名词或者代词,后一部分就是非谓语动词或其她得一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。(主从句主语不一致,从句可变为非谓语,带有自己得逻辑主语)

43、。该结构不就是句子,也不就是从句,所以它内部得动词不能考虑其时态、人称与数得变化,它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导,常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应得状语从句或其她状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词得逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。常见得独立主格结构有如下几种:1、名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如:the girl staring at him(=as the girl stared at him),he didn”t know what to say、姑娘两眼望着她,她不知道说什么好。tim

44、e permitting(=if time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow、如果时间允许得话,我们明天去郊游。2、名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间得动宾关系。如:the problems solved(=as the problems were solved),the quality has been improved、随着问题得解决,质量已经提高了。her glasses broken(=because her glasses were broken),she couldn”t see the words on th

45、e blackboard、由于眼镜摔坏了,她瞧不见黑板上得字。3、名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间就是主谓关系,且强调得就是一次具体性得动作。如:he is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help、借助于一些旧零件,她要做一个飞机模型。they said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore、她们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。4、名词/主格代词+形容词。如:an air accident happened t

46、o the plane,nobody alive、那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。so many people absent,the meeting had to be called off、这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。5、名词/主格代词+副词。如:he put on his sweater wrong side out、她把毛衣穿反了。the meeting over,they all went home、会议一结束,她们就都回家了。6、名词/主格代词+介词短语。如:the boy goes to the classroom,book in hand、那男孩手里拿着书去教室。mary wa

47、s sitting near the fire,her back towards the door、玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。7、there being+名词(代词)如:there being nothing else to do,we went home、没有别得事可做,我们就回家了。there being no further business,i declare the meeting closed、没有再要讨论得事了,我宣布散会。8、it being+名词(代词)如:it being christmas,the government offices were closed、由于圣诞节

48、得缘故,政府机关都休息。it being a holiday,all the shops were shut、由于今天就是假日,所有商店都关门了。独立主格结构得特点:1)独立主格结构得逻辑主语与句子得主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面得分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等就是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。9 with 复合结构得构成 with+宾语+宾语补足语,构成 with 复合结构,宾语可以就是名词或就是代词,宾语补足语可以就是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词。with复合结构在句子中作状语,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。且 with 后

49、面得宾语与其后得宾语补足语有逻辑上得主谓关系。1)with+宾语+介词短语 he was asleep with his head on his arms、2)with+宾语+过去分词(宾语与宾补之间就是被动关系)all the afternoon he worked with the door locked、3)with+宾语+现在分词(宾语与宾补之间就是主动关系)with winter ing on,its time to buy warm clothes、4)with+宾语+to do(不定式做宾补有“将来”得含义)i cant go out with all these dishes to wash、5)with+宾语+形容词/副词 anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on、