最新初中英语语法-英语从句总结.pdf

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1、初中英语语法初中英语语法-英语从句总结英语从句总结初中英语语法总结从句初中英语语法总结从句从句分为从句分为定语从句，状语从句和和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及 there bethere be 句型。句型。主系表结构、主谓宾结构、

2、主系表结构、主谓宾结构、there bethere be 结构是英语的三大根本句式，无结构是英语的三大根本句式，无论一个句子有多长、多复杂，它总是属于这三大句式中的一种。论一个句子有多长、多复杂，它总是属于这三大句式中的一种。学习根本句式，学习根本句式，句子成分是一个关键的概念，句子成分是一个关键的概念，它是指句子的组成单位，不它是指句子的组成单位，不同的句式由不同的句子成分组成。同的句式由不同的句子成分组成。如：如：主系表结构的成分有主语、主系表结构的成分有主语、系动词、系动词、表语；主谓宾结构的成分有主语、谓语、宾语；表语；主谓宾结构的成分有主语、谓语、宾语；there bethere b

3、e 结构的主结构的主要成分是主语。要成分是主语。英语中的句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位英语中的句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语，等等。这些句子成分可以由单词、词组或句子充当，当这些成分由句语，等等。这些句子成分可以由单词、词组或句子充当，当这些成分由句子充当时，子充当时，我们就有了相应的从句，我们就有了相应的从句，如：如：充当主语成分的句子为主语从句，充当主语成分的句子为主语从句，充当宾语成分的句子为宾语从句，等等。充当宾语成分的句子为宾语从句，等等。英语从句三大类型英语从句三大类型按一般说法，可分为三大类按一般说法，可分为三大类 1414

4、种从句。种从句。一一,名词性从句名词性从句1 1 主语从句主语从句 Whether its right or not remains to be seen.Whether its right or not remains to be seen.2 2 宾语从句宾语从句 I wonder whether its right or not.I wonder whether its right or not.3 3 同位语从句同位语从句 This is a question whether its right or not.This is a question whether its right o

5、r not.4 4 表语从句表语从句 The question is whether its right or not.The question is whether its right or not.二二,定语从句定语从句1 1 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句 She is the student who can speak English well.She is the student who can speak English well.2 2 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句 She is the student,who can speak English well.She is the

6、 student,who can speak English well.三三,状语从句状语从句1 1 时间状语从句时间状语从句 The fact will come out when he comes here.The fact will come out when he comes here.2 2 地点状语从句地点状语从句 You can go wherever you like.You can go wherever you like.3 3 原因状语从句原因状语从句 Pay more attention to your lessons because you are aPay more

7、 attention to your lessons because you are astudent.student.4 4 方式状语从句方式状语从句 He walks as if he were a king.He walks as if he were a king.5 5 目的状语从句目的状语从句 She went to Japan so that she could learn JapaneseShe went to Japan so that she could learn Japanesewell.well.6 6 结果状语从句结果状语从句 She went to Japan s

8、o that she learned Japanese well.She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well.7 7 条件状语从句条件状语从句 I will understand it if he tells me.I will understand it if he tells me.8 8 让步状语从句让步状语从句 He knows a lot though he is little.He knows a lot though he is little.whowho 和和 whomwhom 引导的从句用来修饰人，引导的从句用来修饰

9、人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。分别作从句的主语和宾语。wherewhere是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而 whenwhen 用来表示时间。用来表示时间。whosewhose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如:1.Henry1.Henry FordFord is is thethe personperson whowho is is mostmost responsibleresponsible forfor developingdeveloping thetheidea of mass productionidea of

10、 mass production2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of thelower leglower leg3.The next morning3.The next morning，when she came down to breakfastwhen she came down to breakfast，Mary wasMary wasbeamin

11、g with the pleasurebeaming with the pleasureof a newof a new，great discoverygreat discovery4.The4.The visitingvisiting professorprofessor is is a a famousfamous scientistscientist whosewhose sonson studiesstudies inin mymydepartmentdepartment注意几点：注意几点：thatthat 可替代可替代 who,whomwho,whom指人指人，也可替代，也可替代 w

12、hichwhich指物指物whosewhose 既可指人又可指物既可指人又可指物引导定语从句的关系代词紧跟介词做从句的宾语时，引导定语从句的关系代词紧跟介词做从句的宾语时，不用不用that,that,只用只用 which/which/不能用不能用 which,which,只能用只能用 thatthat 的情况的情况.几个例子：几个例子：Is she the girl that/who sells flowers?Is she the girl that/who sells flowers?The train that/which has just left is for XiThe train

13、 that/which has just left is for Xi an.an.TheThe peoplepeople(who/that/whom)(who/that/whom)youyou werewere talkingtalking totowerewereRussians.Russians.The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.I have never met the boy whose mother is a famous actress.I have never m

14、et the boy whose mother is a famous actress.My book is on the table whose legs are broken.My book is on the table whose legs are broken.He went to China in 1945,when the War World II was over.He went to China in 1945,when the War World II was over.Look,this is the house where the writer was born.Loo

15、k,this is the house where the writer was born.The tool with which he is working is called a wrench(The tool with which he is working is called a wrench(扳手扳手).).2 2状语从句状语从句He swims fast.He swims fast.Nervous,he opened the letter.Nervous,he opened the letter.Legs broken,the soldier crawled back home.L

16、egs broken,the soldier crawled back home.She used to stay up until midnight.She used to stay up until midnight.With a book in his hand,the teacher came in.With a book in his hand,the teacher came in.状语从句可分为：时间状语从句状语从句可分为：时间状语从句(主要由主要由 whenwhen，wheneverwhenever，afterafter，beforebefore，a5a5，sincesince

17、，onceonce，untiluntil，whilewhile 等连词引导等连词引导)，结果状语从句，结果状语从句(由由 sothatsothat 和和suchthatsuchthat 连接连接)，让步状语从句让步状语从句(由由 thoughthough，althoughalthough，no matterno matter，even ifeven if，howeverhowever，whateverwhatever 等词引导等词引导)，原因状语从句，原因状语从句(由由 asas，becausebecause，sincesince 和和 forfor引导引导)，条件状语从句条件状语从句(由由

18、if if，whetherwhether，as long asas long as，provided thatprovided that 等词引导等词引导)，地点状语从句地点状语从句(由由 wherewhere 引导引导)，行为方式状语从句，行为方式状语从句(由由 asas 引导引导)。有时条件状。有时条件状语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。状语从句中的状语从句中的“主语主语+be+be可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语且从句谓语“be“be省略后的结构为省略后的结构为“连词连

19、词+现在分词过去分词介词短语形现在分词过去分词介词短语形容词名词短语。容词名词短语。)例如：例如：1.If necessary1.If necessary，I would like to see you in your office.I would like to see you in your office.2.Although seriously wounded2.Although seriously wounded，he never complainedhe never complained条件状语从句：条件状语从句：1 1Lets go out for a walk unless yo

20、u are too tired.(Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.(除非除非,假设不；假设不；相当于相当于 if-notif-not)即：即：If you are too tired,well not go out for a walk.If you are too tired,well not go out for a walk.2 2You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.You may borrow my book as long as you keep it

21、clean.(只要，表示条件的唯一只要，表示条件的唯一性性)3 3Take your umbrella in case it rains.Take your umbrella in case it rains.以防以防-，以免，以免-4 4I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.(I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.(条件是条件是-)-)5 5Supposing it rains,sh

22、all we continue the sports meeting?(Supposing it rains,shall we continue the sports meeting?(如果如果,假设假设)6 6He wont be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we ask for hisHe wont be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we ask for hisadvice in advance.(advice in advance.(7 7假设假

23、设,除非以除非以为条件为条件)You will be successful in the interview once youYou will be successful in the interview once youhave confidence.(have confidence.(一旦一旦-就就-)-)方式状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由方式状语从句通常由 as,(just)asso,as if,asas,(just)asso,as if,asthoughthough 引导。引导。1 1 as,(just)assoas,(just)asso引导的方式状语从句通常引导的方式状语从句

24、通常位于主句后，但在位于主句后，但在(just)(just)assoasso结构中位于句结构中位于句首，这时首，这时 asas 从句带有比喻的含义，意思是从句带有比喻的含义，意思是 正正如如，就像就像，多用于正式文体，例如：，多用于正式文体，例如：AlwaysAlways dodo toto thethe othersothers asas youyou wouldwould bebedonedone by.by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。人。As water is to fish,so air is to man.As water is to fis

25、h,so air is to man.我们我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。2 2 as if,as thoughas if,as though两者的意义和用法相同，两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作汉译常作 仿佛仿佛似的似的，好似好似似的似的，例如：例如：1.1.TheyThey completelycompletely ignoreignore theseth

26、ese factsfacts asas if if(as(asthough)they never existed.though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。似的。与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。2.2.He looks as if(as though)he had been hit byHe looks as if(as though)he had been hit bylighting.lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。他那样子就像被雷击了似的。与事实相反，与事实相反

27、，谓语用虚拟语气。谓语用虚拟语气。3.3.It It lookslooks asas if if thethe weatherweather maymay pickpick upup veryverysoon.soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。看来天气很快就会好起来。实现的可能性实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。较大，谓语用陈述语气。说明：说明：asas if if/asas thoughthough 也可以引导一个分词短也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：HeHe staredstared atat meme asas if if seei

28、ngseeing meme forfor firstfirst time.time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.He cleared his throat as if to say something.他他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。比拟状语从句比拟状语从句1 1YouYou seemseem toto knowknow musicmusic asas wellwell asas youyou knowknow astro

29、nomy(astronomy(天文学天文学).).(as-as(as-as 结结构构)2 2ThereThere waswas nono gardengarden soso lovelylovely asas hishis inin thisthis city.city.(no(no so-asso-as 结构结构)3 3FinallyFinally hehe hashas mademade asas muchmuch moneymoney asas hehe wanted.wanted.(as(as+adj+adj+n.+as+n.+as 结结构构)4 4YourYour watchwatc

30、h is is notnot thethe samesame asas his.(thehis.(the samesame asas 结构结构)5 5I I nevernever metmet suchsuch a a manman asas youryour youngeryounger brother.(such-asbrother.(such-as 结构结构)6 6SheShe studiesstudies moremore diligentlydiligently thanthan herher classmates.(moreclassmates.(more thanthan 结构结

31、构)7 7 NoNo otherother bookbook hashas hadhad a a greatergreater influenceinfluence onon mymy life.(life.(否认词和比拟级连否认词和比拟级连用表示最高级含义。用表示最高级含义。)8 8 ThisThis teacherteacher explainedexplained thethe problemproblem moremore clearlyclearly thanthan anyany otherother teacher.teacher.(比拟级与比拟级与“any“any othero

32、ther oneone连用表示最高级含义。连用表示最高级含义。)9 9 TheThe moremore youyou read,read,thethe betterbetter willwill youyou write.(thewrite.(the more-themore-the moremore 结构结构)11)11)HeHe earnedearned nono moremore thanthan 800800 dollarsdollars a a month.month.他一个月只挣他一个月只挣 800800 美元。美元。nono+比拟级比拟级+than+than 结构结构.3 3名词

33、从句名词从句名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。句和同位语从句。1 1主语从句主语从句He is a teacher.He is a teacher.Learning English well could take you a lot of time.Learning English well could take you a lot of time.a.a.由由 whatwhat、wh-everwh-ever 等代词引导的主语从句等代词引导的主语从句,一般放在句首，不能用一般放

34、在句首，不能用 it it 做形做形式主语：式主语：What I want to know is his address.What I want to know is his address.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever she did was right.Whatever she did was right.Whoever comes will be welcome.Whoever comes will be welcome.b.b.

35、由连词由连词 thatthat 引导的主语从句引导的主语从句,在大多数情况下，在大多数情况下，这个从句都放在句子后部，这个从句都放在句子后部，而用代词而用代词 it it 作形式上的主语：作形式上的主语：That I may not be able to come is possible.=It is possible that I may notThat I may not be able to come is possible.=It is possible that I may notbe able to come.be able to come.ThatThat wewe needne

36、ed moremore equipmentequipment is is quitequite obvious.obvious.=It It is is obviousobvious thatthat weweneed more equipment.need more equipment.That he will refuse the offer is unlikely.=It is unlikely that he will refuseThat he will refuse the offer is unlikely.=It is unlikely that he will refuset

37、he offer.the offer.三个固定句型三个固定句型(属于此类属于此类)：It It+名称名称+thatthat：ItIt isis a a pitypity thatthatwe canwe cant go.t go.It It+形容词形容词+thatthat：ItIt isis clearclear thatthatTom has returned.Tom has returned.It It+过过 去去 分分 词词+thatthat：ItItisissaid/believed/reported/known thatsaid/believed/reported/known tha

38、t.c.c.由连接代词或连接副词由连接代词或连接副词或或 whetherwhether引导的主语从句引导的主语从句,这个从句可以直接这个从句可以直接放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后部去，前面用放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后部去，前面用 it it 作形式主语：作形式主语：Which is the better choice is obvious.=Which is the better choice is obvious.=It is obvious which is the better choice.It is obvious which is the better choice.WhoWh

39、o willwill gogo forfor thethe meetingmeeting hashas notnotWhere he lostWhere he lost his gold watchhis gold watch remainedremaineda ammy ys st te er ry y.=I It tr re emma ai in ne ed da ammy ys st te er ry yw wh he er re eh he el lo os st th hi is sg go ol ld dw wa at tc ch h.WhenWhen wewe shallshal

40、l havehave ourour sportssports meetmeet is is.WhetherWhether hehe willwill joinjoin usus wonwon t t makemakeWhyWhy thethe oldold manman wentwent toto thethe castlecastle is isHowHow hehe hadhad managedmanaged toto achieveachieve sosomuchmuch atat suchsuch a a youngyoung ageage fascinatedfascinatedma

41、nymany people.people.=It It fascinatedfascinated manymanypeople how he had managed to achievepeople how he had managed to achieveso much at such a young age.so much at such a young age.2)2)宾语从句宾语从句He likes Chinese very much.He likes Chinese very much.I I m surprised at his young age.m surprised at h

42、is young age.a.a.由由 thatthat 引导的宾语从句，一般做动词的宾语，引导的宾语从句，一般做动词的宾语，thatthat 可以省略可以省略The letter says(that)they are leaving on the 13The letter says(that)they are leaving on the 13thth.I donI don t doubt(that)they will be able to overcome the difficulties.t doubt(that)they will be able to overcome the dif

43、ficulties.She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.b.b.由由 whatwhat，whowho，which,howwhich,how，wherewhere，when,whether(if)when,whether(if)等引导的宾语从等引导的宾语从句，既可以做动词的宾语，又可以做介词的宾语句，既可以做动词的宾语，又可以做介词的宾语I donI don t know whether the

44、se figures are accurate.t know whether these figures are accurate.I I ll read whichever book you recommend.ll read whichever book you recommend.I I ll show you what I have put down in my note-bookll show you what I have put down in my note-bookHas she informed you when they are to hold the meeting.H

45、as she informed you when they are to hold the meeting.She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.c.c.在某些句型中，特别是带符合宾语的

46、句子中，在某些句型中，特别是带符合宾语的句子中，thatthat 引导的从句常常移引导的从句常常移到后部去，前面用到后部去，前面用 it it 做形式宾语做形式宾语We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.I took it for granted that they were not coming.I took it for granted that

47、 they were not coming.d.d.在“在“be+be+形容词这类结构后，形容词这类结构后，thatthat 引导的从句，有些在概念上接近宾引导的从句，有些在概念上接近宾语，而在结构上却接近状语语，而在结构上却接近状语I Im afraid that I have made a mistake.m afraid that I have made a mistake.We are sure that we shall success.We are sure that we shall success.We are fully confident that we can overc

48、ome the difficulties.We are fully confident that we can overcome the difficulties.I Im not sure whether she would like the idea.m not sure whether she would like the idea.一些表语性的形容词，如：一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmedalarmed，amazedamazed，annoyedannoyed，astonishedastonished，certaincertain，confidentconfident，disappo

49、inteddisappointed，gladglad，pleasedpleased，proudproud，sadsad，shockedshocked，suresure，surprisedsurprised，worriedworried，ect.ect.做表语时，后面可跟由做表语时，后面可跟由 thatthat，howhow 等引导的宾语从等引导的宾语从句。例如：句。例如：1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam

50、 without attending the lectures2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination3.She was surprised how simple his problem is3.She was surprised how simple his problem is4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final exa