最新初中英语句子成分详解.pdf

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1、初中英语句子成分详解初中英语句子成分详解英语句子成分英语句子成分The students of Class Two areThe students of Class Two are seriously reading the bookseriously reading the book written by Lu Xun.written by Lu Xun.按句子成分划分，此句为：按句子成分划分，此句为：The studentsThe students of Class Twoof Class Two areare seriouslyseriouslyreading the bookreadi

2、ng the book written by Lu Xun.written by Lu Xun.(主语主语)(定语定语)(谓语谓语)()(状状语语)(谓语谓语)(宾语宾语)(定语定语)按意群划分，此句为：按意群划分，此句为：The students of Class TwoThe students of Class Two areare seriouslyseriouslyreadingreading the bookthe book written by Lu Xun.written by Lu Xun.一、英语各种成分的根本含义及用法一、英语各种成分的根本含义及用法一一、主语、主语主语是全

3、句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是的是“哪个人？或者是一件哪个人？或者是一件“什么事？或者是一件什么事？或者是一件“什么物体，等。这些代什么物体，等。这些代表表“哪个人、哪个人、“什么事、什么事、“什么物体等的局部就是句子的主语。什么物体等的局部就是句子的主语。主语是指句子的某个局部，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可主语是指句子的某个局部，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所

4、以，英语中很多词类类(或词组、从句或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形形式主语，例如：式主语，例如：It.that.It.that.句式等。句式等。1.Peter is a well-known pianist.1.Peter is a well-known pianist.名词作主语名词作主语 2.Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school.(2.Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school.(数词词组

5、作主语数词词组作主语)3.He likes reading storybooks.(3.He likes reading storybooks.(代词作主语代词作主语)4.To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.4.To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.不定式短语作主语不定式短语作主语 5.What we shall do next is not yet decided.5.What we shall do next is not yet decided.从句作主语从句作主语 6.It took

6、us two hours to travel around the city by subway.6.It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway.(It(It 是形式主语是形式主语,to travel.,to travel.局部是真正的主语局部是真正的主语)请指出以下句中主语的中心词。请指出以下句中主语的中心词。1.The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom.1.The teacher with two of her students

7、is walking into the classroom.2.There is a bird flying in the sky.2.There is a bird flying in the sky.3.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.3.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4.It is very difficult to do todays homework without your help.4.It is very difficul

8、t to do todays homework without your help.二二、谓语、谓语在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来答复、说明、解释主语在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来答复、说明、解释主语“做做什么、什么、“是什么、是什么、“怎么样等的局部。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语怎么样等的局部。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。它总是位于主语的后面。2 21.His parents are teachers.1.H

9、is parents are teachers.系动词和表语一起作谓语系动词和表语一起作谓语2.We study hard.2.We study hard.行为动词作谓语行为动词作谓语3.We have finished reading the book.3.We have finished reading the book.助动词和行为动词一起作谓语助动词和行为动词一起作谓语4.He can speak English.4.He can speak English.情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语请选出以下句中谓语的中心词。请选出以下句中谓语的中心词。1.I dont

10、 like the picture on the wall.1.I dont like the picture on the wall.2.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.2.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.3.Do you usually go to school by bus?3.Do you usually go to school by bus?4.Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?4.Did

11、the twins have porridge for their breakfast?5.What I want to tell you is this.5.What I want to tell you is this.三三、宾语、宾语从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语(介词后也有宾语介词后也有宾语)。从意义上来说，从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。宾语是动作的对象、目标。宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。1.We often help him.1.We often help him.代词作宾语代词作宾语2.He

12、likes to play basketball.2.He likes to play basketball.不定式作宾语不定式作宾语3.We enjoy listening to the music.3.We enjoy listening to the music.动名词短语作宾语动名词短语作宾语4.She said4.She said that she felt sick.that she felt sick.从句做宾语从句做宾语The sun gives us light and warmth.The sun gives us light and warmth.usus 为间接宾语，为

13、间接宾语，light and warmthlight and warmth 为直接为直接宾语宾语 1 1、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring,give,bring,give,show,send,pass,tellshow,send,pass,tell 等。等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。2 2、如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加、如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词介词“to“to或或“for“for。接

14、接 toto的动词有：的动词有：give,bring,pass,lend,sell,send,show,tell,writegive,bring,pass,lend,sell,send,show,tell,write等。等。Give your mother the letter.Give your mother the letter.GiveGivethe letterthe lettertotoyour mother.your mother.直接宾语直接宾语间接宾语间接宾语接接 forfor 的动词有：的动词有：buy,find,cook,draw,get,singbuy,find,cook

15、,draw,get,sing等。等。Can you find me my bag?Can you find me my bag?Can you findCan you findmy bagmy bagforforme?me?直接宾语直接宾语间接宾语间接宾语这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加 forfor 或或 toto。请挑出以下句中的宾语。请挑出以下句中的宾语。1.My brother hasnt done his homework.1.My brother hasnt done his homework.2.People all over the world

16、speak English.2.People all over the world speak English.3.How many new words did you learn last class?3.How many new words did you learn last class?3 34 4句子中的句子中的 it it 显然是宾语。显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是但是主语将要做的并不是 it it，而是而是 paint it pinkpaint it pink。pinkpink是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之

17、间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了上来讲，是执行了 paintpaint 的动作。的动作。句子中的句子中的 pinkpink 是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。比方：比方：I find learning English difficult.(difficultI find learning English diff

18、icult.(difficult 是形容词做宾补是形容词做宾补I saw the kite up and down.I saw the kite up and down.up and downup and down 是副词做宾补是副词做宾补Tom made the girl cry.(cryTom made the girl cry.(cry是省略不定式符号是省略不定式符号 toto 的动词不定式的动词不定式*常跟复合宾语的动词有：常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(call,name,make,think,find

19、,leave,keep,nominate(任任命命),choose,elect(),choose,elect(选举选举),define(),define(定义定义),regard,see,recognize,treat,take,consider,),regard,see,recognize,treat,take,consider,look up,refer to,accept,acknowledge,describe,depict(look up,refer to,accept,acknowledge,describe,depict(描述描述),represent(),represent(表

20、现表现出出),declare(),declare(宣称宣称),denounce,employ(),denounce,employ(雇佣雇佣),use,show,organize,express),use,show,organize,express五五、表语、表语英语有一类动词叫系动词。英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be(am/is/are)(be(am/is/are)(是是),get(),get(变得变得),sound(),sound(听起听起来

21、来),look,seem(),look,seem(看起来看起来),feel(),feel(感到感到)等等。与系动词连用的局部叫等等。与系动词连用的局部叫“系表结构，系表结构，“表就是表就是“表语的意思。注意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语表语的意思。注意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如：的状态、性质等。例如：I am a teacher.I am a teacher.(系动词系动词 am+am+表语表语 a teacher)a teacher)They are on the playground now.(They are on the playground

22、 now.(系动词系动词 are+are+表语表语 on the playground.)on the playground.)It sounds interesting.(sound It sounds interesting.(sound 为系动词，为系动词，interestinginteresting 为表语为表语)请划出以下句中的表语。请划出以下句中的表语。1.The leaves have turned yellow.1.The leaves have turned yellow.2.She was the first to learn about it.2.She was the

23、first to learn about it.3.The old man is feeling better now.3.The old man is feeling better now.4.Why is Mrs.Smith worried about her son?4.Why is Mrs.Smith worried about her son?5.The kids are really interested in joining the chess club.5.The kids are really interested in joining the chess club.六六、定

24、语、定语定语是修饰名词或代词，定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、说明人或事物的状态、性质、性质、数量等的词。数量等的词。请记住：请记住：定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物(即名词即名词)特点的成分。动特点的成分。动词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句(定语从句定语从句)。例如：。例如：The black bike is mine.(The black bike

25、 is mine.(单个的词作定语单个的词作定语)5 5The office isThe office is ten minutesten minutes walk from here.(walk from here.(词组作定语词组作定语)This is a book which tells about rocket technology.This is a book which tells about rocket technology.(从句作定语从句作定语)英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词后

26、面的定语，与中文习惯不同，同学们要注意分辨清楚。后面的定语，与中文习惯不同，同学们要注意分辨清楚。He works in a shoe factory.He works in a shoe factory.This is my book,not your book.This is my book,not your book.Is there anything importantIs there anything important in todays newspaper?in todays newspaper?The boy,tired,hungry and thirsty,fell down

27、 on the beach.The boy,tired,hungry and thirsty,fell down on the beach.请划出以下句中的定语。请划出以下句中的定语。1.What is your family name?1.What is your family name?2.The boy in blue is Tom.2.The boy in blue is Tom.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am afraid some peo

28、ple forgot to sweep the floor.4.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.5.There are five boys who will play the game.5.There are five boys who will play the game.七七、状语、状语上面说了，定语是说明名词特点、性质的，而状语那么是说明动词如何如何上面说了，定语是说明名词特点、性质的，而状语那么是说明动词如何如何的，例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的，例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发

29、生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生，等等。状语的核心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。的发生，等等。状语的核心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。一般来说，状语的位置比拟灵活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句一般来说，状语的位置比拟灵活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体情况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，要视具体情况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。例如：也可以是一个

30、状语从句。例如：We often help him.We often help him.(often(often 副词，位置在副词，位置在 helphelp 前面。前面。)I really dont like the food.(I really dont like the food.(也可以说：也可以说：I dont like the food really.)I dont like the food really.)(注意状语注意状语reallyreally 的位置。的位置。)He did his homework carefully at home.(carefully He did h

31、is homework carefully at home.(carefully 副词；副词；at homeat home 是词组，位是词组，位置都在置都在 diddid 后面。后面。)When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.(when When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.(when从句是时间状语，从句是时间状语，在句首；在句首；totobe.be.是目的状语。是目的状语。)请划出以下句中的状语。请划出以下句中的状语。1.There was a big smile on her face.1.There

32、 was a big smile on her face.2.Every night he practices playing the piano.2.Every night he practices playing the piano.3.We must work hard to pass the exam.3.We must work hard to pass the exam.4.She loves the library because she loves books.4.She loves the library because she loves books.5.He began

33、to learn English when he was eleven.5.He began to learn English when he was eleven.利用口诀综述以上内容：主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语利用口诀综述以上内容：主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语6 6主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间 toto、forfor 连。宾补连。宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。二、句子成分的划分二、句子成分的划分句子成分构成了英语中各式各样的句子。句子用词准确、符合语法标准

34、是句子成分构成了英语中各式各样的句子。句子用词准确、符合语法标准是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其根一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其根本结构不外乎以下五种：本结构不外乎以下五种：序序号号1 12 23 34 45 56 6Group oneGroup one1.Mr.Green swims every summer.1.Mr.Green swims every summer.2.Mr.Green can swim across the river.2.Mr.Green can swim across the river.3.M

35、r.Green can swim and swims every summer.3.Mr.Green can swim and swims every summer.分析：本组句子都是“主谓结构分析：本组句子都是“主谓结构(S+vi.)(S+vi.)。其中第。其中第1 1 句是简单谓语，第句是简单谓语，第 2 2 句句是复合谓语，是复合谓语，第第 3 3 句是并列谓语。句是并列谓语。Group twoGroup two1.Mr.Spun is our English teacher.1.Mr.Spun is our English teacher.2.He seems to know ever

36、ything.2.He seems to know everything.3.His hair turned gray.3.His hair turned gray.分析：本组句子都是“主谓表结构，也叫做“主系表结构分析：本组句子都是“主谓表结构，也叫做“主系表结构(S+link(S+linkv.+P)v.+P)。英语中常见的系动词有：。英语中常见的系动词有：(1)(1)表状态的表状态的 bebe；(2)(2)表“看表“看(听听/闻闻/摸摸)起来的起来的look,seem,appear,sound,smell,feellook,seem,appear,sound,smell,feel等；等；(

37、3)(3)表示变化的表示变化的 become,become,turn,get,fall,goturn,get,fall,go 等；等；(4)(4)表示保持的表示保持的 keep,stay,remainkeep,stay,remain 等。在系动词后等。在系动词后作表语的主要是形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语动词，以及少数副词作表语的主要是形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语动词，以及少数副词等也可作表语。等也可作表语。7 7汉语名称汉语名称主语谓语主语谓语主语谓语表语主语谓语表语主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语直接宾语直接宾语英语名称英语名称Subject+VerbSubject+VerbSubject+Ve

38、rb+PredicativeSubject+Verb+PredicativeSubject+Verb+ObjectSubject+Verb+Object+Direct Object+Direct ObjectComplementComplement简称简称 d d主语谓语间接宾语主语谓语间接宾语Subject+Verb+Indirect ObjectSubject+Verb+Indirect ObjectOiOi主语谓语宾语宾语主语谓语宾语宾语SubjectSubject+VerbVerb+ObjectObject+补足语补足语There beThere be 句型句型Group threeG

39、roup three1.Ive j1.Ive just got a copy of this book.ust got a copy of this book.2.Do you want to read this book?2.Do you want to read this book?3 3.Ill finish.Ill finish reading the book overnight.reading the book overnight.4.We often talk about good books.4.We often talk about good books.5.I think

40、this book is well worth reading.5.I think this book is well worth reading.分析：分析：本组句子都是本组句子都是“主谓宾结构“主谓宾结构(S+vt.+O)(S+vt.+O)。英语中的及物动词英语中的及物动词vt.vt.和介词后通常要接宾语，和介词后通常要接宾语，不及物动词不及物动词vi.vi.不可直接带宾语；充当宾语的不可直接带宾语；充当宾语的常有：名词、代词宾格常有：名词、代词宾格、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。Group fourGroup four1.We call him Mr.White.

41、1.We call him Mr.White.2.We would like him to teach us.2.We would like him to teach us.3.He makes his lessons lively and interesting.3.He makes his lessons lively and interesting.4.We think it our duty to serve in the army.4.We think it our duty to serve in the army.5.The situation makes it necessar

42、y that our product should be improved.5.The situation makes it necessary that our product should be improved.分析：本组句子都是“主谓分析：本组句子都是“主谓+复合宾语复合宾语(宾语宾语+宾补宾补)结构。宾补用于补充说结构。宾补用于补充说明宾语干什么、是什么、怎么样，故宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓或主表明宾语干什么、是什么、怎么样，故宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系；充当宾补的主要是形容词，名词、介词短语、不定式、分词，以关系；充当宾补的主要是形容词，名词、介词短语、不定式、分词，以及个别

43、副词也可作补语。及个别副词也可作补语。注意：当不定式或从句作宾语，又需接补语时，要用注意：当不定式或从句作宾语，又需接补语时，要用 it it 放在宾语的位置作形式放在宾语的位置作形式宾语，宾语，将作宾语的不定式或从句移到补语的后面，将作宾语的不定式或从句移到补语的后面，如本组的第如本组的第 4 4 句和第句和第 5 5句。句。Group fiveGroup five1.Jennifer teaches us English.1.Jennifer teaches us English.2.Today he gave me some good advice on English study an

44、d I bought him a gift.2.Today he gave me some good advice on English study and I bought him a gift.分析：本组句子都是“主谓分析：本组句子都是“主谓+双宾语双宾语(间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语)。表示人的间接宾。表示人的间接宾语通常放在表示物的直接宾语的前面，假设要将间接宾语放到直接宾语语通常放在表示物的直接宾语的前面，假设要将间接宾语放到直接宾语的后面，需要加介词的后面，需要加介词 toto 或或 forfor，如本组第，如本组第 2 2 句可改写为：句可改写为：Today he gave

45、 some good advice on English studyToday he gave some good advice on English studyto me and I bought ato me and I bought agift for him.gift for him.分析以下句子成分。分析以下句子成分。1.The teacher got very angry.1.The teacher got very angry.2.Last night I wrote a letter.2.Last night I wrote a letter.8 83.The boy told

46、 me his story.3.The boy told me his story.4.We watched the train leaving the station.4.We watched the train leaving the station.5.He often goes somewhere beautiful and quiet on vacation.5.He often goes somewhere beautiful and quiet on vacation.用括号内所提示的根本句型将以下句子译成英语。用括号内所提示的根本句型将以下句子译成英语。1.1.你的故事听起来很

47、有趣。你的故事听起来很有趣。主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语2.2.我妹妹是在农村长大的。我妹妹是在农村长大的。主语主语+谓语谓语3.3.他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规那么。他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规那么。主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语4.4.下学期谁教你们生物？主语下学期谁教你们生物？主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语5.5.他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语三、对各种句子成分提问三、对各种句子成分提问1 1、对主语提问：、对主语提问：Cindy reviews her English le

48、ssons in the reading-room every evening.Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.Who reviews his English lessons in the reading-room every evening?Who reviews his English lessons in the reading-room every evening?2 2、对谓语提问：、对谓语提问：Cindy reviews her English lessons in the re

49、ading-room every evening.Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.What does Cindy do in the reading-room every evening?What does Cindy do in the reading-room every evening?3 3、对宾语提问：、对宾语提问：Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.Cindy reviews he

50、r English lessons in the reading-room every evening.What does Cindy review in the reading-room every evening?What does Cindy review in the reading-room every evening?4 4、对定语提问：、对定语提问：Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-