研究生英语阅读教程U.ppt

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1、研究生英语阅读教程(基础级 第二版)日期:ContentsUnit One Efficiency ReadingUnit Two Techniques for Efficient Reading Unit Three Active ReadingUnit Four Techniques for Remembering What You ReadUnit Five Developing Your Word PowerLesson1Your Reading efficiencyLesson 2Your Reading FlexibilityLesson 3 Reading RateReading

2、Selection AReading Selection BReading Selection AReading Selection BReading Selection AReading Selection BUnit One Efficiency ReadingGraduatestudentsarepressedfortimebecausesomanyactivitiesdemandtheirvaluabletime.Oneofthebestwaystohandlethedemandsandpressuresofuniversitylifeistobecomemoreefficientto

3、getmoredoneinlesstime.Manystudentsthinkthattheonlywaytobecomemoreefficientistoreadfaster.Thisis,however,notthecase.Readingefficiencymeansmorethansavingtimebyreadingrapidly.Readingeffectivelyincludesunderstandingtheideasthewriteristryingtosendandorganizingthoseideaslogicallytorememberthem.Yourreading

4、efficiencywillincreaseasyoudeveloptechniquesthatimproveyourcomprehensionandretention.Theseinturnwillenableyoutouseyourtimemosteconomically.Whatisreadingefficiency?Readingefficiency=speedreading+understandingHowtodevelopourreadingefficiency?1.Beforereading:vSetgoalsandtimelimits.vBearsomequestionsinm

5、ind.vTrytounderstandthetitleandtheauthorsintentionandtoseehowtheideasaredevelopedandorganized.2.Whilereading:vTrytomakepredictionsaboutwhatwillbesaidnext.vBeonthealtertosignalortransitionalwords.andtothechangeinmeaningofsomefamiliarwords.vTrytodistinguishimportantdetailsorfactsfromminorones.vTrytofi

6、gureoutthemeaningsofunknownwords.vUnderlineorcirclesomewordsorsentencesorwritesomenotesonthemargin.3.Afterreading,revieworrecallwhatyouveread World English:A Blessing or a CurseObjectivesPre-reading ActivitiesLanguage Points Text AnalysisSummarizationExercises and Keys Reading Selection A:教学目标:学习相关的

7、生词,短语.掌握一定的阅读技巧,提高阅读能力,并能将所学课文内容分析,概括,归纳,通过撰写篇章分析与全文总结等多渠道提高学生的写作能力.教学手段:多媒体教学与传统教学相结合.教学方法:以学生为中心,任务型教学与小组合作学习.教学内容:UnitOneEfficiencyReadingLesson1YourReadingefficiencySelectionA:WorldEnglish:ABlessingoraCurse学时分配:8学时Objectives:Pre-reading Activities:Background InformationAbout the Author Lead-in B

8、ackground InformationI.AWorldLanguage Englishhasgainedstatusasaworldlanguage.Roughly1/3oftheworldspopulationhasEnglishasitsmothertongue.Seventy-fivepercentoftheworldsmailisinEnglish.EnglishistheofficiallanguageoriswidelyusedintheUnitedKingdom,Ireland,Australia,NewZealand,India,UnitedArabEmirates,Can

9、ada,theUnitedStates,Panama,Surinam,SouthAfrica,Nigeria,andKenyainadditiontoseveralothercountries.WhyhasEnglishbecomeaWorldLanguage?TheBritishcolonizedlargepartsoftheworld,spreadingtheirlanguagetonewareas.TheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesarebothimportantnationsintheworldoftrade,businessandtechnology

10、.Whenengagedintradeandbusinesswiththesenations,knowingEnglishisanadvantage.Asnon-English-speakingcountriesrealizedthat,industryandbusinesshiredpeoplewhoknewEnglish,orrequiredtheirworkerstoattendlanguagecourses.Englishistheinternationallanguageoftechnology.Anynegativeeffects?WithEnglishbeingsowidespr

11、ead,itcanmakethosewhocomefromEnglish-speakingcountriesalreadyfeelthattheydontneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,becausetheworldalreadyspeaksEnglish.Thisisunfortunatebecauseonelearnstounderstandaculturebetterifoneknowsthelanguage,andonemayalsoenjoyreadingliteratureintheoriginallanguage.Byknowingonlyonelangu

12、age(notnecessarilyEnglish),onemissesoutonthesepleasures.Oneslanguageisalargepartofonesculture,anditwouldbeashameiflanguageswereerasedasaresultof“theEnglishinvasion”.II.HowManyLanguages?Thereisnoagreedtotalforthenumberoflanguagesspokenintheworldtoday.Mostreferencebooksgiveafigureof5,000to6,000,butest

13、imateshavevariedfrom3,000to10,000.Anobviousreasonfortheuncertaintyovernumbersisthateventodaynewpeoples,andthereforelanguages,continuetobediscoveredintheunexploredregionsoftheworldespeciallyintheAmazonbasin,CentralAfrica,andNewGuinea.Againstthissteadyincreaseintheworldlanguagetotal,thereisamajorfacto

14、rwhichdecreasesit.Thespeedwithwhichalanguagecandieinthesmallercommunitiesoftheworldistrulyremarkable.TheAmazonianexplorationsledtothediscoveryofmanynewlanguages,buttheyalsoledtotheirrapiddeath,astheIndiansbecameswallowedupbythedominantwesternculture.Withinageneration,alltracesofalanguagecandisappear

15、.Inthe19thcentury,therewerethoughttobeover1,000IndianlanguagesinBrazil;today,therearelessthan200.Aquarteroftheworldslanguageshavefewerthan1,000speakers;halfhavefewerthan10,000.Itislikelythatmostoftheselanguageswilldieoutinthenext50years,andonly1,000orsolanguagesmayremainbythe22ndcentury.Thespeedofth

16、isdeclineislargelyaconsequenceofthepoliticalandeconomicpressureswhicharemotivatingpeopletoreplacetheirtraditionallanguagebyonewhichgivesthemaccesstothelanguagesofmorepowerfulcultures.Howmanylanguageshavetherebeen?Basedonwhatisknownabouttherateoflanguagechangeatwhichnewlanguagesdevelopfromacommonorig

17、in,itispossibletospeculateaboutthenumberoflanguageswhichmayhaveexistedsincetheemergenceofahumanlanguagefaculty.Cautiousestimatessuggest30,000;radicalones,over500,000.III.HowManySpeakers?Speakerestimatesfortheworldstop10languages:(giveninmillions)1.Chinese(1071)(MandarinChinese:726)2.English(427)3.Sp

18、anish(266)4.Hindi(182)(withUrdu:223)5.Arabic(181)6.Portuguese(165)7.Bengali(162)8.Russian(158)9.Japanese(124)10.German(121)AbouttheAuthor Dr.TomMcArthurisfoundereditoroftheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguage(1992)andthequarterlyEnglishToday:TheInternationalReviewoftheEnglishLanguage(Cambridge,1985).

19、Hismorethan20publishedworksincludetheLongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglish(1981),WorldsofReference:Language,LexicographyandLearningfromtheClayTablettotheComputer(1986),andTheEnglishLanguages(1998).HeiscurrentlyDeputyDirectoroftheDictionaryResearchCentreattheUniversityofExeter.Lead-inGraduatestudentsar

20、epressedfortimebecausesomanyactivitiesdemandtheirvaluabletime.Oneofthebestwaystohandlethedemandsandpressuresofuniversitylifeistobecomemoreefficienttogetmoredoneinlesstime.Manystudentsthinkthattheonlywaytobecomemoreefficientistoreadfaster.Thisis,however,notthecase.Readingefficiencymeansmorethansaving

21、timebyreadingrapidly.Readingeffectivelyincludesunderstandingtheideasthewriteristryingtosendandorganizingthoseideaslogicallytorememberthem.Yourreadingefficiencywillincreaseasyoudeveloptechniquesthatimproveyourcomprehensionandretention.Theseinturnwillenableyoutouseyourtimemosteconomically.NewWordsandE

22、xpressions:LanguagePoints point up emphasize;highlight强调；清楚说明强调；清楚说明(line2,para.2)美国官员强调了这些政策的种种相似之处。USofficialspointedupthesimilaritiesinthesepolicies.约翰尼的成绩单清楚地表明他的数学才能。Johnnysreportcardpointsuphistalentformaths.takeininclude包括包括(line8,para.2)这一真理兼容了两种极端看法。Thetruthtakesinbothextremes.每个人都上了名单。The

23、list takes in everybody.takein understand理解；领会理解；领会 学生们发现他教的课容易理解。Thestudentsfinditeasytotakeinwhatheteaches.我不清楚她对他作出的解释理解了多少。Imnotsurehowmuchofhisexplanationshetookin.takein deceive;trick欺骗；使上当受骗欺骗；使上当受骗 即使阅历最深的人在某些场合也会上当。Eventhemostexperiencedeyemaybetakeninoncertainoccasions.forgoodorillwhethert

24、heeffectwillbegoodorbad不论结局好坏；不管结果如何不论结局好坏；不管结果如何(line1,para.3)他觉得还想留在队中，不论结局怎样。Hefelthewantedtoremainpartoftheteam,forgoodorill.我们必须仔细审视这项决定对其他人可能产生的影响，不论是好的还是坏的。Wemustexaminetheeffectthisdecisionmayhaveonotherpersons,forgoodorill.那些掌权的人总是利用机会行使自己的权利，不管是好是坏。Thosewhohavepowerwillalwaystaketheopportu

25、nitytoexerciseit,forgoodorill.byandlargeonthewhole大体上，总的说来，一般来说大体上，总的说来，一般来说(line3,para.3)总的来说，这是一本好书。Byandlarge,itisagoodbook.总的来说，我认为重要的是招聘合适的人。ByandlargeIthinktheemphasisshouldbeonrecruitingtherightpeople.Benignkind,gentle,harmless;friendly善良的，宽厚的，慈善良的，宽厚的，慈祥的祥的(line3,para.3)和蔼的教师abenignteacher友善

26、的太空生物abenigncreaturefromspaceMotheroftenlooksatmewithabenignsmile.benignAbenigntumorisonethatwillnotcausedeathorseriousillness（肿瘤）良性的（肿瘤）良性的检验表明肿块是良性的。Testsshowedthelumptobebenign.benignAbenignclimate,environment,system,etc.isonethatitiseasyorpleasanttoliveinorwith（气候，（气候，环境，制度等）宜人的，温和的环境，制度等）宜人的，温和

27、的温和的气候abenignclimatedieoutbecomelessandlesscommonandeventuallydisappearcompletely完全消失；灭绝；绝种完全消失；灭绝；绝种(line14,para.5)这个部落的传统生活方式正在逐渐消失。Thetribestraditionalwayoflivingisdyingout.现今超市林立，传统的杂货店正在迅速消失.Traditionalgrocersshopsarefastdyingoutnowthattherearesomanysupermarkets.这些物种目前几乎已灭绝。Thesespecieshavenowa

28、lmostdiedout.laysth.atsbsdoor.laytheblame/responsibility(forsth.)onsb将（谋事将（谋事的）责任归咎于某人；认为某人对某事负有责任的）责任归咎于某人；认为某人对某事负有责任(line2,para.6)罢工的责任被认为在顾主方。Responsibilityforthestrikewaslaidatthedooroftheemployers.国会议员拜恩指责军方隐瞒事实的真相。CongressmanBainlaysthecoverupatthedoorofthearmedforces.leaveasidenotwanttodiscu

29、ssortakeintoaccountaparticularsubjectoraspectofsomething姑且不谈，暂不考虑姑且不谈，暂不考虑(line1,para.7)且不说经费问题，你真的认为你的提议能解决我们的问题吗？Leavingasidethefinancialimplications,doyoureallybelieveyourproposalwillsolveourproblem?我们暂时别讨论不利的方面，先来看看有利的一面吧。Leavingasideforamomentadiscussionofthedisadvantages,letsturntotheadvantage

30、s.crystalclearextremelyobviousoreasytounderstand显而易见的；非常清楚的；极易懂的显而易见的；非常清楚的；极易懂的(line2,para.10)她的动机现在很明显：她是想找条出路。Hermotiveswerenowcrystalclear:shewantedawayout.我非常清楚地表明了自己的立场，我决不会同意投他的票。ImademypositioncrystalclearthatIwouldneveragreetovoteforhim.凡是他认为不清楚的地方，他都逐一提出了异议。Hechallengedeverypointwhichhedid

31、notfindcrystalclear.invokefeelingsofaparticularkindcausesomebodytohavethesefeelings引起，唤起引起，唤起(thelastline,para.10)他们尽力激发人们对这项改革的热情。Theydidtheirbesttoinvokepopularenthusiasmforthereform.invokeaprinciple,awisesaying,etc.quoteorrefertoitinordertopersuadepeopletodosomething援引，援引，援用援用这些原则被援用来与金融改革的提议相抗衡。

32、Theseprincipleswereinvokedinoppositiontoproposalsforfinancialform.她援用法律为自己辩护。Shehadinvokedthelawinherowndefense.evoketransitive to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone:Hisappearanceisboundtoevokesympathy.Herspeechevokedahostileresponse.killsomethingoffphrasal verb1tocausethedeathofalotofliv

33、ingthings=destroy:Pollutionisrapidlykillingoffplantlife.2tostoporremovesomethingcompletely=destroy:Thesefigureskilloffanyhopethattheeconomyispoisedforrecovery.constituteverb1notinprogressivetobeconsideredtobesomething:Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreach(违背，违反)oftheemploymentcontract.Therisein

34、crimeconstitutesathreattosociety.2notinprogressiveifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesomething,theyarethepartsthatformit:Wemustredefinewhatconstitutesafamily.20boysand30girlsconstitutetheclass.3transitiveusuallyinpassiveformaltoofficiallyformagroupororganization:TheFederationwasconstitutedin1949.aggra

35、ndizevt.1notinprogressivetobeconsideredtobesomething:Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreach(违背，违反)oftheemploymentcontract.Theriseincrimeconstitutesathreattosociety.2notinprogressiveifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesomething,theyarethepartsthatformit:Wemustredefinewhatconstitutesafamily.20boysand

36、30girlsconstitutetheclass.3transitiveusuallyinpassiveformaltoofficiallyformagroupororganization:TheFederationwasconstitutedin1949.aggrandizevt.1toenhancethestatusof提高提高Themovieaggrandizesthebadguysandmakesthecopslooklikedopes(笨蛋).2tomakegreaterinsize,amount,ornumber=increaseAgenerousgrantenabledthel

37、ibrarytosignificantlyaggrandizeitscollectionofbooks.aggrandizement alsoaggrandisementBritishEnglishuncountable:whenapersonorcountrytriestoincreasetheirpowerorimportance,usedtoshowdisapproval:the misuse of authority for personal aggrandizementlinguisticaggrandizement:语言扩张aboriginaladj.1alsoAboriginal

38、relatingtotheAustralianaborigines2（formal）relatingtothepeopleoranimalsthathaveexistedinaplaceorcountryfromtheearliesttimes=indigenousaboriginaln.adark-skinnedmemberofaraceofpeoplelivinginAustraliawhenEuropeansarrived Encarta trademarkatypeofencyclopedia(=aproductwitharticlesaboutmanydifferentsubject

39、s)whichisproducedonlyonaCD-ROM,andisnotavailableasaprintedbook.Itisamultimediaproduct,withpictures,sound,piecesoffilmetc.微软的电子百科全书sustainvt.1.tomakesomethingcontinuetoexistorhappenforaperiodoftime=maintain:Shefounditdifficulttosustainsustainthechildrensinterest.Hewasincapableofsustainingcloserelatio

40、nshipswithwomen.thepoliciesnecessarytosustaineconomicgrowth2.(formal)tosufferdamage,aninjury,orlossofmoney:Twoofthefire-fighterssustainedseriousinjuries.Somenearbybuildingssustainedminordamage.Thecompanyhassustainedheavyfinanciallossesthisyear.3.(formal)iffoodordrinksustainsaperson,animal,orplant,it

41、makesthemabletocontinueliving:Theygavemeenoughfoodtosustainme.4.(formal)tomakesomeonefeelstrongandhopeful:Thethoughtofseeingheragainwasallthatsustainedme.5.(formal)toholduptheweightofsomething=support:Heleantagainsthersoheavilythatshecouldbarelysustainhisweight.6.(formal)tosupportanideaorargument,or

42、provethatitisright:Thisargumentisdifficulttosustain.sustainable1abletocontinuewithoutcausingdamagetotheenvironment:Thegovernmentshoulddomoretopromotesustainableagriculture.thesustainableuseofrainforestresourcesCyclingisatotallysustainableformoftransport.environmentally sustainabledevelopment2abletoc

43、ontinueforalongtime:Thepartyispromisinglowinflationandsustainableeconomicgrowth.adverse1notgoodorfavorable:Theyfearitcouldhaveanadverseeffectonglobalfinancialmarkets.2adverseconditions:conditionsthatmakeitdifficultforsomethingtohappenorexist:Theexpeditionwasabandonedbecauseofadverseweatherconditions

44、.adverselyadverb:developmentswhichhadadverselyaffectedtheirbusinessindigenousformalindigenouspeopleorthingshavealwaysbeenintheplacewheretheyare,ratherthanbeingbroughttherefromsomewhereelse=nativeindigenoustoBlueberries(蓝莓，紫浆果)areindigenoustoAmerica.themanyindigenouscultureswhichexistedinSiberiaappar

45、atus1uncountablethesetoftoolsandmachinesthatyouuseforaparticularscientific,medical,ortechnicalpurpose=equipment:Astronautshavespecialbreathingapparatus.2countablethewayinwhichalotofpeopleareorganizedtoworktogethertodoajoborcontrolacompanyorcountry=machinery:Thetaxwillrequireamassiveadministrativeapp

46、aratus.Thestateapparatushasbecomecorrupt.theapparatusofgovernmentcomplexadj.1consistingofmanydifferentpartsandoftendifficulttounderstand=complicated;simple:acomplexsystemofhighwaysPhotosynthesisisahighlycomplexprocess.Peterseemedtohaveaninstantunderstandingofthemostcomplexissues.Itwasaverycomplexrel

47、ationshipbetweentwocomplexpeople.2technicalacomplexwordorsentencecontainsamainpartandoneormoreotherpartscomplexn.1agroupofbuildings,oralargebuildingwithmanyparts,usedforaparticularpurpose:综合建筑群Thetownhasoneofthebestleisure/sportscomplexes（综合休闲/体育中心）inthecountry.athree-storyapartmentcomplex2acomplexo

48、fsomething:(formal)alargenumberofthingswhicharecloselyrelated:Beijinghasagreatcomplexofroads.3anemotionalprobleminwhichsomeoneisunnecessarilyanxiousaboutsomethingorthinkstoomuchaboutsomething:Iusedtohaveacomplexaboutmylooks.objectlesson=exampleaneventorstorythatshowsyoutherightorwrongwayofdoingsomet

49、hingobjectlessoninThewayantsworkisanobjectlessoninorderandorganization.Letthisaccidentbeanobjectlessoninthedangersofdrinkinganddriving.这一事故可以作为醉酒驾驶危害的实际教训.vernacularn.aformofalanguagethatordinarypeopleuse,especiallyonethatisnottheofficiallanguageinthevernacularGalileowroteinthevernaculartoreachalarg

50、eraudience.Insomechurches,theyspeakLatin,butinotherstheyusethevernacular.vernacularadj.:vernacularAmericanspeechvernaculararchitectureGo over the text and out the following into English:v是福是祸？是福是祸？ablessingoracursev所有的，或几乎所有的所有的，或几乎所有的allorvirtuallyallv构成威胁构成威胁constituteathreatv语言扩张政策语言扩张政策policieso