现代大学英语精读5第12课LessonTwelv.ppt

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1、Lesson12How News Becomes Opinion and Opinion Off-limits BackgroundlAbouttheauthorSalmanRushdie(1947-):Britishwriter,borninBombay,educatedinEngland.NobookinmoderntimeshasmatchedtheuproarsparkedbyhisThe Satanic Verses(撒旦诗篇）inSept.,1988,.AlthoughthebookwasgenerallypraisedinEuropeandAmerica,itwaswidelyc

2、ondemnedintheMuslimworld.In1989protestsburstintofullpublicconsciousness.ThebookwasburnedinEnglandandIran.Rushdiewentintohiding.lLaterin1989leaderoftheIranianrevolution,alsothetargetofafreelysatiricalportraitinthenovel,respondedbyissuingadenunciation(谴责,告发)ofRushdiecalledafatwa.(伊斯兰教)法学家的裁决inwhichhed

3、eclared:“IinformallzealousMuslimsoftheworldthattheauthorofthebookentitledTheSatanicVerseswhichhasbeencompiled,printedandpublishedinoppositiontoIslam,theprophet,andtheQuran-andthoseinvolvedinitspublicationwhowereawareofitscontent,aresentencedtodeath.lIcallonallzealousMuslimstoexecutethemquickly,where

4、vertheymaybefound,sothatnooneelsewilldaretoinsulttheMuslimsanctities.GodWilling,whoeveriskilledonthispathisamartyr.”lShortlyafterwardRushdiewentintohiding,guardedbyBritishpolicemenwhowerehisconstantcompanionsuntilIranliftedthefatwain1998.StructureoftheTextlPartI(Paras.14)lavividintroductionleadingto

5、thepointofthecommongroundoccupiedbybothnovelistsandjournalists.lPartII(Paras.56)lThethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound.lPartIII(Paras.79)lThecommongroundofjournalismandnovelwritingbeforetheadventoftele

6、vision.lPartIV(Paras.1012)lThecommongroundhasceasedtoexistsincetheappearanceoftelevisions.Newshasbecomeamatterofopinions.lPartV(Paras.1317)lThissectiondealswiththepowerofcharactercreation.Asaresultofprofiling,oneismutatedintosomeonehedoesnotrecognize.Thewriterconsidersthisprocessimproper.lPartVI(Par

7、as.1819)lThewritersattitudetowardsprotection-of-privacylawandfreespeech.lPartVII(Paras.2023)lThewriterbringsoutinthissectiontheideaofcensorshipintheformoftheconceptofrespect.TheMainIdealTheauthorurgespeopletotreasureandcontinuetopracticethedisrespectforpower,fororthodoxies.andtokeepupthefreeexpressi

8、onofopinions.DetailedstudylPara.1l1.PayattentiontothestructureofIwaswondering-when-”.Implication:lTheimplicationisitsohappenedthatwhenIwasthinkingabouttheissueIcameacrossacorrectioninanewspaper.l2.Thiswhat,ifanypatternisworthnoticing.，ifany意思是果真有，即使有，表示加强语气。lInusingthispattern,thewriterisexpressingt

9、heviewthathedoesnotthinkthereisany.lE.g.Ididnotconsiderwhat,ifany,objectiontherewastothisplan.lThereislittle,ifany,monground:basisforagreementsharedbyalll4.Paraphrasethefollowingpart:Iwaswondering.,journalists.lIwascuriousaboutthefactwhethernovelistsandjournalistshadanybasisforagreementandiftherewas

10、any,thenwhatwasthatcommonground.lPara21.ItisashortannouncementonthepartoftheBritishdailynewspaperIndependent,retractingareportadayearlieraboutSirAndrewLloydWebber.Thisshortannouncementraisesanumberofquestionsinthereadersmind:l1)WhoisthisSirAndrewL.Webber?l2).Farmingostrichesisnotharmful,Whydidthenew

11、spaperhavetomakeacorrection?l3)Whatistheimplicationofthisretraction?Whatlightdoesthisincidentthrowonthenewspaper?lPara31.Onecanonlyguess.,thehumandistress,theprotests.l1)humandistressreferstothefeelingofSirWebberwhomusthavefeltwrongedandhurt.Hemusthavefeltthathisreputationhadbeendamaged.l2)theprotes

12、tsrefertothecomplaintsfromSirWebberandothersonhisbehalfandtheinterventionofpeopletodemandtheretraction.l3)Whydoesthewriterwriteonecanonlyguess?lThestatementisshortandterseanddoesnotrevealanyinsidestoryfortheretraction.Butonethingisclear:thenewspaperwillnotretracttheallegationvoluntarily.Sothisisasaf

13、eguess.l4)Doesthewriterreallythinkthesentencesareadmirablylaconic?Whydoesheusethewordadmirablythen?llaconicsentences:Newspaperisforced/compelledtomakecorrection,notwillingly,sotheyuseshortsentencestocorrect.Behindcorrection,peoplefeelhurtbyfarmingostriches.lThewriterisusingthewordinanironicalway,imp

14、lyingthatthenewspaperwascompelledtotakebacktheallegationagainstitswill.sotheproductionofashort,colorless,matter-of-factstatement.l4.BritainhasbeengoingthroughaperiodofwhatonemightcallheightenedlivestockinsecuritylItmeansBritainhasbeenplaguedbythespreadofthediseasesofmadcowandhooflandmouthandthefearo

15、fthespreadhasbeenintense.lheightenedlivestockinsecurity:1990splaguesinvolvingthe“madcow”diseaseandthe“hoofandmouth”disease,bothofwhichledtotheslaughteroflargenumbersofanimalswhowereormighthavebeeninfected.lOstrichfarmingbubble:Inthepast,ostrichisraisedforskin,feather(usedonladyscap),meat,egg.Later,b

16、ecauseofmad-cowdisease,theybelieveostrichmeatisbetterthanbeef,sotheyraisedostrichforitsmeat.NowinBritain,theyraiseostrichforeggsorforyoungostrich.Itwasoncebeneficial,somanypeopleraiseit,asaresult,supplyexceedsdemand,andthereisnomarketforitnow.sowesayitisabubble.Earlyonesmakegreatprofitandlateronessu

17、fferloss.lAswellasostrichfarmingbubble,orswindle.lWhydoesthewriterusethisterm“alarming”,“great”todescribethecaseofostrich-farmingbubble?lOstrich-farmingbubble,comparedwithotherfraudulentactivities,isactuallyinsignificantbutthewriterusesthesewordstoexaggeratetheseriousnessofthebubble,orswindle.Suchex

18、aggerationachievesahumorousandironicaleffect,whichleadstothefollowingremark.lIntheseoverheatedtimes.,thisreputationhasbeenslighted.lWhatdoesoverheatedtimesreferto?Whydoesthewriterconsiderthecurrentperiodoverheated?lOverheatedtimesreferstothepublicanxietyinBritainwherepeoplewerescaredbythereports,oft

19、hespreadofmad-cowdiseaseandhoof-and-monthdisease.Peoplebecameover-sensitiveandwouldeasilyoverreacttotheslightestallegation.Inusingthephraseoverheatedtimes,thewriterexpresseshisdisapprovalofsuchhysteria.ThewritermeansthatsincetheBritishpeoplewereinsuchpricklymood,itwasunderstandablethatSirAndrewWebbe

20、rwouldfeelstronglyaboutsuchanallegation.lAllegation:anassertionmadewithoutprooflPara41.Plainly,itwasquitewrong.,wasbreedingostriches.lThisstatementservesasatransition,linkingthisparagraphupwiththepreviousone.Thestatementrepeatstheideaembodiedinthelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraph.l2.Heis,ofcourse,a

21、celebratedexporterofmusicalturkeys:UndoubtedlySirWebberisfamousforhiscompositionofmusicforanumberoflightweight,money-makingmusicalswhichhavebeenexportedtoothercountries.lofcourse:certainly;withoutdoubtThephraseisusedheretodenoteirony,meaningthatheisundoubtedlyfamous,notinostrichfarming,butinmusicalt

22、urkeyexporting.Iftheformer(ostrich-farming)isnolongercomplimentarynowadays,thelatterisnobetter.l3.Butifweagreeforamomenttopermit-accountfortheiractivities?lthebasicideaofthissentenceis:Sincethosewhocommitfraudulenceshouldbepunished,thosewhoreapedprofitsbyfraudinostrich-farmingshouldalsobebroughttoli

23、ghtandpunished.l但是，如果我们姑且同意允许把据传闻既隐秘又具有欺诈性的鸵鸟养殖作为世界上所有欺诈性活动的代表的话，那我们不也得同意找出那些鸵鸟养殖农场主、点出他们的名字，并让他们解释自己的行为是很重要的吗？l4.Isthisnottheveryheartoftheprojectofafreepress?l1）Thisisthechiefpurpose/realmeaningoftheinstitutionofanewspaperwhichisindependent,notcontrolledbyagovernmentoraninterestgroup.l2)heart:real

24、meaning;essence;vitalpartl3）whyistheideaexpressedinaquestionfrom?Doesthewriterwantananswer?l4)这难道不是享有新闻自由的报纸的宗旨所在吗？l5.Andmighttherenotbeoccasions.inthenationalinterest?lTheremightbeoccasionsforeditorstoacceptthiskindofreportonthegroundofnationalinterestinspiteofthefactthattheevidencewasnotstrongenou

25、ghandthesourceofthereportwasprovidedbyaninformerandthereforemaybequestionable.l这难道不是所有的编辑们很可能会遇到的情况吗-尽管证据还不够扎实充分,而其来源也许来自告密者，但是从国家的利益考虑,他们准备接受这种内容的消息。lPartII(Paras.5-6)Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:lFortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmay

26、sound.lPara5l1.Iamarrivingbydegreethetruth.l1)bydegree:graduallylarrive:reachlThefunctionofthe“that”l2.Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,however.,thatmaysound:lThefinalpurposeofnewsreportingandnovelwritingisthetellingofthetruth,althoughthismaysoundcontradictory.l3.Andtruth

27、isslippery,hardtoestablish:Truthisnoteasytograspandverydifficulttoprove.l4.Andiftruthcansetyoufree,itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:lIftruthcansetyoufree:thebiblicaloriginalThetruthshallmake(set)youfree(John8:32)ismorepositive.Theoriginalmeaningisyoushallknowthetruthandyoushallbemadefreebythesavior.litcan

28、alsolandyouinhotwater:itcanalsogetyouintogreattroublel5.Fineasthewordsounds,truthisalltoooftenunpalatable,awkward,unorthodox.:Thoughtruthmaygivepeopletheimpressionthatitisgoodandwonderful,itisunacceptabletothemind,embarrassingandhostiletoconventionalexpectations.l6.Thearmiesofreceivedideasaremarshal

29、edagainstit:Itwillencountertheresistanceandoppositionofstrongforceoftraditionalideas.l7.Thelegionsofallthosewhostandtoprofitbyusefuluntruthswillmarchagainstit:Thelargenumberofpeople,whobenefitfromfalseideas(facts),fromlies,willganguptofightagainst/tosuppressthetruth.l8.“Marshal”and“march”arealsoused

30、asalliteration.Andthetwosentencesareparallelsentences.l然而真话难以掌握，难以确定。也可能会犯错误，就像劳埃德韦柏事件那样。如果讲真话能使你获得解放，它也能使你陷入困境。真话这个词听起来好听，但往往令人不快、发窘、有悖于传统观念。传统意识会组成大军反对它。人数众多的谎言得益者会向其发起攻击。但是只要有一点可能，真话必须讲。lPara6:atransition,leadingtotheconnectionofthetwoconceptslPara10l1.Thisisnolongerthecase,eitherforliteratureorf

31、orjournalism.lThissentenceservesasatransition,linkingthepreviousparagraphwhichdealswiththeroleofliteratureandprintjournalismwiththisparagraph.lnovelscanjustoccasionallystillliftthelidonahiddenworldmoreeffectivelythanthefinestreporting:novelscanstill,fromtimetotime,bringoutsecrets(oractivitieshiddenf

32、romtheordinarypeople)inawaythatismoreforcefulanddevastatingthanthebestnewspaperreport.lToliftthelidonahiddenworld:thewriteriscomparingtheexposureofbehind-the-sceneactivitiestotheliftingofthelidofabottle.lThephrasethenewsaboutthenewsmeansl1)storiesabouthownewsisgatheredorl2)interpretationofthenews.lW

33、ereadforopinion,attitude,spin.,buttogetatakeonthenewsthatwelike.我们看报纸，是要知道报纸的看法、态度、倾向。我们看报纸不是为了没有分析的数据，不是像狄更斯小说艰难时世中的主人公格拉德格林德那样，一天到晚就是“事实，事实、事实”，我们要的是对我们有兴趣的新闻的解读。lGradgrind:acharacterinHardTimes(1854)byCharlesDickensinwhichGradgrind,anunfavorablecharactertotallylackinginimagination,focusesobsessiv

34、elyonplaindullfacts.lParagraph10raisesthreekeyquestions:l1)Whyhaveliteratureandprintjournalismlosttheiroriginalfunctionofprovidingnews?lTheyhavelostthisfunctionbecausetheTVandradiocanbringnewstothepeoplemorequickly.l2)Whatrolehavetheyundertaken?lTheyhaveundertakentheroleofprovidingversionsoftheworld

35、.l3)What,accordingtothewriter,dopeoplereadnewspapersfor?lTheyreadnewspapers,notfornews,butforopinions,attitudes,trendsandinterpretations.Theyreadforthenewspapersviewoftheworld.lPara.11l1.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheBritishpressandtheAmericanpress?lTheBritishpressischieflyanationalpresswhileintheUni

36、tedStates,therearemanylocalpaperscateringtoconcernsforlocalissuesandtakingonlocalcharacteristics.l2.wherethegreatproliferation.,localcharacteristics.lProliferation:rapidincreaseinnumberl“Additionalisusedheretodenotethatthefollowingserviceisaddedtotheservicesofanationalpaper.l3.qualitypapers:Britishn

37、ationalnewspapersaredividedinto3groups:quality,popularandmid-marketpapersonthebasisofdifferencesinstyleandcontent.lQualitypapersaredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.lPopularnewspapersappealtopeoplewantingnewsofamoreentertainingcharacterpresentedmoreconcisely.lMid-mar

38、ketnewspapersfallbetweenthesetwotypes.lQualitypapersarenormallybroadsheet(large-sheet)informatandtheresttabloid(small-sheet).lWhydoesthewriterthinkBritishqualitypapersaresuccessful?WhatreasondoesthewritergiveforthedeclineoftheIndependent?lHeconsidersthemsuccessfulbecausethesepapersandtheirrespective

39、readerpoolsharesimilarviewsofBritishsocietyandtheworld.Inotherwords,eachofthesepaperscaterstotheconcepts,positionsandvalueofitstargetedreaders.lTheIndependenthasrecentlygonedownhillbecauseithaslostsightofandfailedtocatertotheirvisionofBritishsocietyandoftheworld.lPartVparas1317Thissectiondealswithth

40、epowerofcharactercreation.Asaresultofprofiling,oneismadeintosomeonehedoesnotrecognize.Thewriterconsidersthisprocessimproper.lPara.13Itisforthenovelists.,nourisheshisreaders.小说家的任务是构建、传播并在一段时间内继续种连贯的个人对世界的看法，使其读者得到享受、引起其兴趣、使其思想得到激活、激励和营养lPara141.Oneofthemoreextraordinarytruths.inventedforthembytheBri

41、tishpress:lThebasicstructureofthesentenceis:oneofthe.truths.isthat-figureshavehadtheircharactersl2.Andsuchisthepowerofthefiction-,unabletoescapethefictionoftheirimaginarylives.lPersona:Thecharactersinadramaticorliterarywork.(戏剧或文学作品中的)角色,人物;lMainidea:Royalfigureslookandbehavemoreandmoreliketheperson

42、screatedbypress(真的人物越来越像报纸上所描写的形象).Theycant/areunabletoavoidtheimagesinventedbypress.Thisshowsthepowerofcharactercreation.lThekeyideaofthissentenceis:insteadofportrayinginthepresstheactualcharacterofthemembersoftheroyalfamily,thepresshasmovedtocreatecharacters.Asaresult,theroyalmembersbegintobehavel

43、iketheirprintcharacters,nottheotherwayround.l创作之威力无比巨大。活生生的王族成员越来越像他(她)们在报上的角色，无法逃脱为他(她)们创造的想像的生活l1)Thisisaninvertedsentenceforemphasisl2)Howpowerfulissuchinvention,accordingtothewriter?lAsaresultofsuchinventions,theactualmembersoftheroyalfamilyhavelookedmoreandmorelikethekindofpeopleportrayedinthep

44、ress.l3)thewriterstonereallyfeelsthatthepresshassuchpower?lPara15Thisparagraphcontinuestodealwiththepowerofcharactercreation.Theattitudeofthewritercomesoutinthissentence:Neverhavepersonalityprofilesandpeoplecolumns-neverhasgossip-occupiedasmuchofnewspaperastheynowdo.l1.Thecreationof“characters”is,in

45、fact-journalismsstockintradelstockintrade:1)tools,materials,etc.usedincarryingonatradeorabusiness2)anyresources,practices,ordevicescharacteristicallyemployedbyagivenpersonorgroup;alltherequisitesofatradeorprofession.看家本领,基本手段lExplanation:Actually,theportrayaloffictionalcharactershasquicklybecomeamos

46、timportantdeviceemployedbythepress.l2.Neverhavepersonalityprofilesandpeoplecolumns-astheynowdolPersonality:Apersonastheembodimentofdistinctivetraitsofmindandbehavior.人物(作为思想和行为出色特征化身的人)lPeoplecolumn:Afeaturearticleaboutpeoplethatappearsregularlyinapublication,suchasanewspaper.专栏人物l人物特写和人物专栏,还有那些流言蜚语

47、,从来没有像今天这样占据了报纸这么大的篇幅.l3.Theword“profile”isapt.Whatisaprofile?Whydoesthewriterconsiderthewordapt?lThewordisappropriatebecausethisistheessenceofcharactercreation,thepresentationofacharacterverydifferentfromthepersoninfleshandblood.Thetoneofthestatementisironical.l4.Inaprofile,thesubjectisneverconfron

48、tedhead-onbutreceivesasidelongglance:lhead-onadj.,advl 1)withtheheadorfrontforemostahead-oncollisionl2)directly;esp.,indirectoppositiontomeetaproblemhead-onlInacharacterportrayal,thepersonisneverdepictedinastraight-forward,directwaybutfromapredetermined,maybebiased,angle.l5.Yettheimagescreatedinthes

49、ecurioustexts.,theyarealsoself-perpetuatingl1)oftenwiththeirsubjectscollusion:oftenwiththetacitagreementofthosebeingthusportrayedlCollusion:Asecretagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesforafraudulent,illegal,ordeceitfulpurpose.勾结，共谋,lNexttoimpossible：almostimpossiblel2)andthanksto.theyarealsoself-perpetua

50、ting:andduetothepowerofnewspaperclippingsfile,thatistosay,thecollectionofalltherepetitiousreportsononeparticularsubject,theimageswillcontinuetolastwithoutanyexternalhelplOncethecharacteriscreatedbypress,therealpersonsfindithard/difficulttochangeit.lPara.161.1)whoentertheexclusivepantheonoftheunforgo