现代大学英语精读4第二版U.ppt

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1、StructureI.Introduction:There are three kinds of thinking and I myself could not think at all.(para.1)II.The three grades of thinking(paras.2-32)A.Grade-three thinking:the writers headmaster being an example(paras.2-24)B.Grade-two thinking(paras.25-29)C.Grade-one thinking(paras.30-32)III.Conclusion:

2、Conversion of the writer into a grade-one thinker(paras.33-35).49.I was irreverent at the best of times.Political and religious systems,social customs,loyalties and traditions,they all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.(para.31)在情况最好的时候，我也没有表现出敬意。政治和宗教制度、社会风俗、忠诚和传统。在我看来都像树上诸多的

3、烂苹果一样会纷纷滚落在地。Irreverent:lacking reverence;critical of what is generally accepted or respected 不虔诚的、不恭敬的at the best of times:adv.在最有利的情况下Even at the best of times the lift was seldom working.即使最顺利的时候，电梯也是很少开的。Tumble:跌倒，摔倒；被绊倒；倒塌；翻来覆去，翻腾 Tumble to the ground.The house tumbled down in the storm.Languag

4、e points50.I came up in the end with what must always remain the justification for grade-one thinking.I devised a coherent system for living.It was a moral system,which was wholly logical.(Para.31)最后我悟出了如何才能保持一级思考能力的真谛。我构建了一个统一的生存体系，那是一个道德体系，完全合乎逻辑。-According to the author,grade-one thinking must be

5、 based on a coherent and logical system for living,in other words,a moral system,without which you cannot prove yourself to be a grade-one thinker.Judging by the context,this system probably refers to ones world outlook世界观and basic political beliefs and moral principles.Come up with:追赶上；比得上；想出；准备好（钱

6、等）He could always come up with a reason for them to stay for another week.devise:想出，设计51.Of course,as I readily admitted,conversion of the world to my way of thinking might be difficult,since my system did away with a number of trifles,such as big business,centralized government,armies,marriage.(par

7、a.31)-Of course I knew very well that it might be difficult to change the world to my way of thinking.do away with a number of trifles：to get rid of a number of unimportant things such as big business It shows that the author is against big business,centralized government,armies,etc.do away with:To

8、do away with something means to remove it completely or put an end to it.废除，消灭，去掉；涤除；搞掉trifle:可数名词 小事;琐事;无价值的东西 A trifle is something that is considered to have little importance,value,or significance.52.It was Ruth all over again.I had some very good friends who stood by me,and still do.But my acqu

9、aintances vanished,taking the girls with them.(Para.32)-What had happened to Ruth and me now happened again.My grade-two thinking frightened away many of my acquaintances.all over again:repeated 再来一遍、重新开始Ill have to write it all over again.我得从头再写一遍。stand bya.to remain uninvolved;to refrain from acti

10、ng旁观b.to remain loyal to;to aid or support支持c.to keep or maintain遵守d.to be ready or available to act准备行动e.g.He stood by me through all my troubles.The police are standing by to control the crowd if it is necessary.You should always stand by your promises.You cant stand by and allow such a thing.Acqu

11、aintancen.a.a person whom one knows(CN)b.knowledge or information about something or someone(UN)n.acquaintanceshipv.acquaint:To come to know personally;to make familiar;to inform;Examples:Mrs.Bosomley has become merely a nodding acquaintance.点头之交；Few of my acquaintances like Sheila.认识的人The guide has

12、 some acquaintance with Italian.懂一点意大利语He has a wide acquaintanceship among all sorts of people.交往甚广53.Had the game gone too far?In those prewar days,I stood to lose a great deal,for the sake of a hobby.(para.33)-In those prewar days when many people were fully worked up to a political frenzy,it was

13、 very dangerous to voice different opinions.You might lose friends or your job.game:his grade-one thinking which he takes as a hobby go too far:to go beyond what is reasonable and acceptable 走得太远，做的过火；出圈儿 Dont go too far afield or youll get lost.别走得太远，要不然你会迷路的。stood to lose:to be likely to lose 定然会5

14、4.Now you are expecting me to describe how I saw the folly of my ways and came back to the warm nest(para.34)-Now you think I will tell you how I gradually saw my stupidity in being a grade-one thinker and therefore decided to give it up and return to the majority of grade-three thinkers.现在你一定指望我描述我

15、如何认识到了我自己设计的愚蠢的思维方式，又是如何回到温暖的小巢了吧。在这个安乐窝中，偏见被称为忠诚，无意义的行为被不断重复后变成了习俗，我们却心满意足地说自己在思考。folly n.蠢笨 蠢笨；愚行；讽刺剧55.But you would be wrong.I dropped my hobby and turned professional.(para.35)但是，你错了。我把我的嗜好变成了职业。-But you guessed wrong.I did not drop my hobby of thinking(here,we can say he might give up the hobb

16、y of grade-two thinking).Instead I went further and became a professional thinker.II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesMetonymy（转喻）is substituting a word for another word closely associated with it.In metonymy,an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating指出some associated notion.“It”stands

17、for“thought”in grammar,but actually refers to Mr.Houghton,and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt.It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted toward a skirt.(Para.23)Mr.Houghtongirls The burglar was in Sallys mind all day long.(burglar=some idea of th

18、e burglar)Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet.(Vote=election,bullet=military solutions)“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”(Mao Zedong refers it to the military revolution)Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide.(Bill Gates=Microsoft)The pen is mightier than

19、 the sword.(pen=writer;sword=fighter)文能胜武.More examples II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSynecdoche snekdki（提喻）Synecdoche can be included in metonymy,and it refers to the substitution of the part for the whole or of the whole for the part.If we were counting heads,the Buddhists were the boys for

20、my money.(Para.27)(head=person)There are two mouths to feed in my family.(mouth=person)God bless the hands that prepared this food.(hand=person)II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesIrony arn（反语）Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite,typically fo

21、r humorous or emphatic加强语气的effect.Technically,it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf,as honest as most politicians intentions,or as coherent as most books that get written.(Para.23)Mr.Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life,sexless and full of duty.(Para.20)II.I

22、I.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesIt is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance.You could hear the wind,trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments.His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visitatio

23、n.He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there,useless for the rest of the morning.(Para.19)Hyperbole hap:bli:（夸张）II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSimile sml （明喻）是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是：A像B。It makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one qual

24、ity or characteristic in common.To make the comparison,words like“as”,“as.as”,“as if”and“like”are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.They all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.(Para.31)Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the

25、 side of a hill.(Para.24)II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesMetaphor metf(r)（暗喻）以此物隐喻彼物，将某一事物以另一个与其相似的事物来表达，是一种含蓄的比喻，暗示有比较，但又不充分说出这种比较 It is like a simile,also makes a comparison between two unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather than stated.He seems to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.(Para.20)It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there,out of his depth.(Para.29)