科技英语的基础知识.ppt
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1、Scientific and Technical English for Information EngineerThe Basic Knowledge of Scientific and The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and Technical EnglishTechnical English(科技英语的基础知识科技英语的基础知识)广州大学 电子信息工程系2/20/20231The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and Technical Engli
2、shTechnical English1 Some Key Problems in Scientific and Technical English1.1 Vocabularies or Words1.1 Vocabularies or Words词汇是语言的基础,科技英语中的词汇可分为四类:普通词汇、专业词汇、专业缩写和转意词汇:Scientific and Technical English for Information Engineering2/20/20232(1)普通词汇:科技英语作为英语的一个分支,需要大量地使用普通词汇,尤其是普通词汇中的冠词、动词、副词、介词、形容词、数词、连
3、接词,也部分地使用普通词汇中的名词、代词,但很少使用感叹词。这些词汇在科技英语中的意义和用法与在普通英语中基本一致。2/20/20233(2)专业词汇:在科学技术的各个领域都有大量各自特有的专业词汇。专业词汇数量庞大,是专业英语初学者学习的重点。稍加观察就会发现,专业词汇绝大部分是名词或名词词组,以及少量形容词,且词意单一,罕有歧义。用法简单,只要注意积累,掌握一定数量的专业词汇(例如1000个以上)并不是太困难的事。2/20/20234(3)专业缩写词汇:在专业英语文献中,还常出现一些专业缩写词汇。尤其是通信技术和电子信息技术中的专业缩写词汇很多,且新的缩写词汇仍不断涌现,有一些缩写词汇是从
4、不同的原文缩写而成,故有多义。掌握一定数量的专业缩写词汇(例如200500个),是顺利阅读专业文献所必须的:以下列举一些在通信技术中常见的专业缩写词汇 2/20/20235KVL Kirchhoffs voltage lawLTI linear time-invariantFET field-effect transistorMOS metal-oxide-semiconductorIC integrated circuitCCCS current-controlled current sourceVCVS voltage-controlled voltage sourceAM amplitu
5、de modulationFM frequency modulation,Foreign MinistryDM delta modulationPCM pulse code modulationSSB single-side band2/20/20236QPSK quadrature phase-shift keyingRADAR radio detection and rangingIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIEC International Electrotechnic CommissionITU Intern
6、ational Telecommunications UnionCATV cable television,community antenna televisionDOS disk operating systemLAN local area networkISDN integrated services digital networkATM asynchronous eIsINkrEnEs transfer modeFDDI fiber distributed data interface2/20/20237CAD computer-aided designFFT fast Fourier
7、transformFig.FigureIEEE-488 General Purpose Interface BusIEEE-802-LAN standardsAC,ac alternating current.adaptive control,accumulator,account,acidDC,dc direct current,data channel,distribution controlA/D,ADC analog-to-digital converterPC personal computer,personal communicationCPU central processing
8、 unitDSP digital signal processing,digital signal processor2/20/20238(4)转义词汇:科技英语中还有不少词汇是从普通词汇中借用的、移植过来的,并赋予他们不同于普通应用时的专门意义。但它们也可能以普通词汇的意义出现在专业英语文献中,这就是所谓的转意词汇。它们的数量虽不及前两类词汇多,但因其多义性和转意性,故较难掌握。比如在通信技术中常见的部分转意词:2/20/202392/20/2023101.2 Form word(形式词)根据是否具有实际意义,英语词汇可分为实义词和虚义词。尽管虚义词本身没有确切的实际意义。但在句中起着连接、
9、引导、转承、变换、伴随、比较、让步、时序等多种作用,所以对整个句子的含义有着决定性的影响。应该仔细观察整个句子以及上下文关系对虚词在句中的作用做出正确判断。虚义词的数量虽不多,但其使用频率很高。例如 2/20/202311(1)The most fundamental noise performance used is known as the signal-to-noise ratio.众所周知,信噪比是最基本的噪声性能。(as引导主语补语)(2)The electrons,as shown in Fig.5,are very light.如图5所示,电子非常轻。(as引导主语定语)(3)S
10、ee the answers as given at the end of this book.请参阅本书末尾给出的答案。(as引导宾语定语)(4)As electricity can do work,it is a form of energy.电是一种能量,因为它能做功。(as引导原因从句)2/20/202312(5)The new device is designed as an alternative for the old one.这个新器件是为取代那个旧的而设计的。(as表示目的,for指明对象)(6)Small as atoms are,electrons are still s
11、maller.原子虽然很小,但电子更小。(as引导让步从句)(7)As the FM stereo system was being devised there was,and still is,a requirement that the stereo signal should be compatible with any existing monophonic receivers.当初开发调频立体声系统时,就要求立体声信号兼容各种已有的单声收音机,这一要求现在仍是需要的。(as引导时间从句)2/20/202313(8)The current increases as the voltag
12、e does.电流随电压的增大而增大。(as表示伴随)或:电流就像电压那样增大。(as表示比较)as引导伴随或比较从句,具体应选择哪一种;须参考上下文来判断。(9)A voltmeter is an instrument for measuring voltage.电压表是测量电压的仪器。(for表示目的)(10)The insulator was burned for overheating.该绝缘体因过热而烧毁。(for表示原因)(11)The input-output square-law relationship of FETs allows for lower distortion
13、level.场效应晶体管的平方律输入输出关系可以减小失真。(for表示结果)2/20/2023141.31.3 Long Sentences Long Sentences 使用长句写作,是科技英语的一个特点。长句可以用两种方式进行简化:依据谓语动词(predicate)将复合句分解为一组简单句。依据关键词简化各词组。2/20/202315(1)For direct current and low-frequency alternating current(up to a few thousand cycles per second)the resistance is reversely pro
14、portional to the cross-sectional area of the path the current must travel;that is,given two conductors of the same material and having same length,but differing in cross-sectional area,the one with larger area will have the lower resistance.此句可先简化为:resistance is reversely proportional to area,that i
15、s,the one will have the lower resistance.然后把其他辅助修饰成分补充回去,得到全句完整含义:直流与低频交流(几千赫兹以内)电阻反比于电流通路的截面积,就是说,两个材料相同、长度相同但截面积不同的导体,截面积较大的那个具有较小的电阻。2/20/202316(2)Thus,if a given requirement calls for p-channel units with channel length so short that yield is too small,more than sufficient speed and good yield c
16、ould be obtained with n-channel units and slightly larger channel length.此句可简化为:requirement calls for units,yield is too small,speed and yield could be obtained with units.几个分句的意义是一目了然的。且前面两个分句组成带结果从句的复合句。再与第三个简单句分句并列。然后把辅助成分补充回去,可把全句译为:因此,如果给定的指标要求p沟道器件的沟道长度过短,致使成品率太低,那么采用n沟道器件和略长一点沟道,就能获得很满意的速度和高的
17、成品率:2/20/202317(3)The ratio of capacitance with some material other than air between the plates,to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.这个句子虽然较长,但却是一个简单句。依据各词组的关键词可得一个很简短的句子:ratio is called constant.再把其他修饰成分补充回去。可把此句译
18、为:电容器极板间充以非空气的某种材料时的电容与该电容器充以空气时的电容之比称为该绝缘材料的介电常数。insulation7insju5leiFEn n.绝缘 dielectric 7daii5lektrik constant 介电常数2/20/202318(4)This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate,then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on,until the horizontal lines in
19、to which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence.此句可先分解和简化为如下的简单句:beam sweeps each line.then flies back to scan another line,it is desired to break picture into lines in desired sequence.把分句组合起来,并恢复其他辅助成分,全句译为:电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行。然后飞速返回去扫描下一行,直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序
20、分割成行。2/20/202319(5)When these fast moving radio waves strike some other conductor placed in their path at a distant point,they produce in the second conductor weak currents of the same nature as the original current which produced these radio waves.此句可先简化为:waves strike conductor,they(waves)produce c
21、urrents,which(original current)produced waves.全句可译为:当这些快速传播的无线电波碰到位于其路径远端的某一导体时,就会在该导体内感应微弱的电流,该电流与产生无线电波的原电流具有相同的属性。2/20/202320(6)The technical possibilities could well exist,therefore,of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity,controlled by computers,interconnected globally by
22、 satellite and submarine cable,providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world.此句虽长,但仍是个简单句。依据词组的关键词简化后。可得该句的骨架是:possibilities of network exit分析出了句子的骨架,就可正确把握句子的主题。进而理解整句的含义。该句可译为:因此,在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大。由计算机控制,并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联,提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信 2/20/202321(7)We must therefo
23、re conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small,there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases.这个句子虽然不是特别长,但主句带两个并列的宾语从句,而这两个宾语从句又各带一个时间从句,出现从句套从句的复杂语法现象。在简化复合句时,要特别注意各简单句之间的相互关系。此句可译为:因此我们必然得出结论:当分子之间的距离很小时
24、,就产生斥力;并且这种斥力随着分子间距离的减小而迅速增大 repulsionri5pQlFEn n.推斥,排斥,严拒,厌恶,反驳2/20/2023222 Criteria of Translation 语言间的翻译应满足“信、达、雅”三项准则。科技英语的翻译更注意前两项准则。信(True):译文须忠实于原文的含义。并尽可能保留原文的风格。达(Smooth):译文须通顺流畅。符合汉语规范习惯。稚(Refined):在保证前两项准则的基础上;译文应优美、雅致、简明。译文首先必须满足“信”的准则。这就要求正确理解原文的含义。为此,要特别注意英语词汇相对于汉语的不同用法。下面举例说明一些易犯的错误。2
25、/20/202323(1)In semiconductor devices,an electrode is an electric and mechanical contact to a region of the device译文1:半导体器件的电极是通向该器件某一区域的电气触点和机械触点。译文2:半导体器件的电极是通向该器件某一区域的电气兼机械触点。译文1是有误的。因为原文中的contact的形容词是electric and mechanical,错错!2/20/202324(2)The importance of the laser can not be overestimated in
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