形容词性从句（定语从句）-高考英语一轮复习.pptx

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1、从句：形容词性从句形容词性从句（定语从句）n在复合句（包括主句和从句）中，用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句一般跟在先行词的后面，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。n关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。n关系副词有：when,where,why等。例如：This is the machine that/which they made last month.先行词 定语从句 这就是他们上个月生产的机器。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.先行词 定语从句

2、北京是我的出生地。n关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句关系代词和关系副词既起连接作用，引导定语从句，修饰主句中的某个名词或代词，同时又充当定语从句中的某种成分。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句1）who用来指人，在定语从句中做主语或宾语例如：Where is the man who I saw this morning?今天早上我看见的那个人在哪？(做动词saw的宾语)Mr.Smith is the teacher who the students like best.史密斯是学生们最喜爱的一位老师。(做动词like的宾语)No visitors wh

3、o come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall.到北京去的游客没有哪一个不去看长城。（做主语）Do you know anyone who can speak Spanish?你认识会讲西班牙语的人吗？（做主语）2）whom用来指人，在定语从句中做宾语例如：The young man whom the teachers loved best was killed in the accident.老师们深爱的那个年轻人在这次事故中丧生了。（做动词love的宾语）The little girl whom her parents left alo

4、ne in the room was crying terribly.那个被（她的）父母独自留在家里的小女孩正在大哭。（做动词left的宾语）3）which用来指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语例如：Where is the book which I bought this morning?(指物，做动词bought的宾语)我今天早晨买的那本书在哪儿？The story which was very interesting made all the students laugh.(指物，做主语）这个十分有趣的故事使得所有学生都笑了。4）that用来指人或物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语例如

5、：The boy that we saw yesterday was Toms brother.我们昨天看见的那个男孩是汤姆的弟弟。(指人，做动词saw的宾语)The man that is talking to my father is our headmaster.正和我父亲谈话的那个人是我们的校长。(指人，做主语)The car that my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.我叔叔刚买的那辆车在地震中毁坏了。(指物，做动词bought的宾语)It sounded like a train that was go

6、ing under my house.那听起来就像一列火车正从我的屋下驶过。(指物，做主语)n 注意：当关系代词who,whom,which,that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略。例如：The boy(whom)his parents love very much likes asking questions.那个受到他父母疼爱的男孩喜欢问问题。The book(which)you gave me yesterday is very interesting.你昨天给我的那本书非常有趣。5）whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中做定语（1）在由关系代词whose引导的定语从句中，关系代词whose

7、作“的”解，它是关系代词who,which的所有格，在定语从句中做定语，修饰从句的主语或宾语（动词的宾语或介词的宾语）例如：The child whose mother died in the fire is now an engineer in our company.他母亲在大火中丧生的那个孩子现在是我们公司的工程师。I know someone else whose father works here.我还认识另外一个人，他的父亲在这里工作。There are some students whose questions I cant answer.这里有一些学生，他们的问题我回答不上。（

8、2）关系代词whose通常用来指人，表示“某人的”，但也可以指物，表示“某物的”。例如：He is living in a house whose windows are painted white.他住在一座窗户漆成白色的房子里。The engineers enjoy working in the company,whose boss is Mr Little.工程师们都喜欢在这家公司工作，公司的老板是利特尔先生。They also raise deer whose horns provide valuable medicine.他们也养鹿，鹿角可以作为昂贵的药材。The car whose

9、 color is black was bought seven years ago.那辆黑色的小汽车是七年前买的。（3）whose指具体事物或抽象概念时，能与名词+of which 结构互换，但以前者更为普遍。例如：I saw a house whose windows are broken.I saw a house,the windows of which are broken.我看见一幢房子，它的窗户破了。I saw some trees,whose leaves were black with disease.I saw some trees,the leaves of which

10、were black with disease.我看见了一些树，它们的树叶因病而发黑。Yesterday I bought a magazine,whose cover is very beautiful.Yesterday I bought a magazine,the cover of which is very beautiful.昨天我买了一本杂志，它的封面十分漂亮。（4）在正式文体中，whose与它所修饰的名词也可以被of which+名词短语所取代。例如：He mentioned a book whose title has slipped my memory.He mention

11、ed a book,of which the title has slipped my memory.我忘了他提到的那本书的名字了。Its a kind of game,whose purpose is to try to put the ball into a“basket”.Its a kind of game,of which the purpose is to try to put the ball into a“basket”.那是一种比赛，目的是要尽力把球投入到一个“篮子”里。关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句1）when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语例如：I still

12、 remember that day when I first saw the Great Wall.我仍记得第一次见到长城的那个日子。I will never forget those days when I worked in the countryside.我永远忘不了我在乡村工作过的那些日子。The date when he joined the Party was July 1,1992.他入党的日期是1992年7月1日。Can you still remember that evening when we met for the first time?你还记得我们第一次见面的那个晚

13、上吗？October 1,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。2）where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语例如：The factory where his father works was set up by twelve families in the village.他父亲工作的那家工厂是村里十二家人办起来的。Can you show me the house where Shakespeare lived?你能带我看看莎士比亚曾住过的那座房子吗？Ch

14、engdu is the city where I was born.成都是我出生的城市。I hope to see you again in the small town where we first met each other five years ago.我希望我能在五年前我们初次见面的那个小城镇再次见到你。3）why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语例如：I dont know the reason why the boys wear their hair long.我不知道这些男孩子为什么要留长发。The reason why he came to school late this m

15、orning was that he met the traffic jam.他今天早晨上学迟到的原因是堵车了。I dont know the reason why he didnt tell it to his father.我不明白为什么他没有把这件事告诉他父亲。4）由“介词+关系代词”引导，在定语从句中做状语由于关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词+名词”如：when=on/in/during the day,where=in/at/on the place,why=for the reason,因此when,where和why可以用“介词+which”代替。例如：That is the d

16、ay when（=on which）he did the experiments.那就是他做实验的那一天。That is the reason why(=for which)he is leaving very soon.那就是他为什么要马上离开的原因。n注意：这种“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择取决于which所指的名词与介词的搭配关系，或者取决于定语从句中动词词组与介词的搭配关系。例如：This is the farm where(=on which)I worked three years ago.这就是我三年前工作过的农场。He cant forget that year when(=i

17、n which)he was taken to Beijing.他忘不了他被带到北京去的那一年。n 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句就其与先行词的关系可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句1）限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，它与先行词有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行词的名词(词组)便不能明确地表示其所指的对象。例如：The man who spoke at the meeting was Dr Brown.在会上发言的那个人是布朗先生Here is the boy who broke the window

18、.这就是打破窗户的男孩。2）限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。例如：The man who stole Mr Greens wallet has been caught.偷格林先生钱夹的那个人被抓住了。The chair(which)I sat in was a broken one.我坐的那张椅子是坏的。She came on the day when he left.她在他离开的那天来了。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1）非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间只有比较松散的联系，它不是先行词不可缺少的组成部分，而仅仅是对先行词提供一些补充说明。因此，如果省略了一个非限制

19、性定语从句，并不影响先行词所指的意义。例如：My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.我的表兄上周去了欧洲，他是一位工程师。Tom has two sisters,who are both nurses.汤姆有两个姐姐，她们都是护士。Three days later he arrived at the village,where he was to stay for a month.三天后，他达到了那个村庄，并将在那里呆上一个月。2）非限制性定语从句在口语中有停顿，在书写中通常用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句的引导词通常是who,w

20、hom,whose,which等词，引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略。关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性定语从句。that和why一般不用于引导非限制性定语从句。例如：The Chairman,who spoke first,sat on my right.主席坐在我的右边，他首先发了言。His sister,whom you met at my house,married my brother.他的妹妹和我哥哥结婚了，你在我家见过她。The girl,whose name I didnt know at that time,gave me a friendly smile.那

21、个女孩对我友好地笑了笑，当时我并不知道她的名字。3）as和which的用法比较as和which都能引导非限制性定语从句，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。as和which都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子，有时可以互换。例如：She is fond of sports,which/as we all know.我们都知道，她喜欢体育。n但在下列情况下 as和which不能互换。（1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位于句首时，不能用which-从句代替。As was natural,she married a handsome young man.很自然，她和一位英俊的年轻人结婚了。（2）在the s

22、ameas,suchas,so/asas句型中不能用which。I had the same experience as you had.我有与你同样的经历。Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.一些人对于自己的猫能懂得和狗同样多的话深信不疑。介词介词+关系代词关系代词n“介词介词+whom/which”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句由“介词+whom”引导的定语从句修饰表示人的先行词时，不能用who或that来代替whom。由“介词+which”引导的定语从句修饰表示物的

23、先行词时，不能用that来代替which。whom和which在介词后都不能省略。例如：The person to whom you should write is your father.你应该给他写信的那个人是你的父亲。Do you know the person for whom hed like to do everything is not his own son but you?你知道吗？那个他愿意为之做一切的人不是他自己的儿子而是你？n注意：1）由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体中。能够这样用的关系代词主要是which，其次是whom。与关系代词搭配的介词也可以是短

24、语介词。例如：I am now talking about the school in front of which there is a supermarket.我现在谈到的是前面有一家超市的那座学校。The bed from under which the cat climbed out is Toms.猫从下面爬出来的那张床是汤姆的。2）在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择受到一定的制约，或与前面名词词组搭配有关，或与后面动词词组搭配有关。例如：The speed at which the light travels is 300 000 kilometers per sec

25、ond.(at the speed)光的转播速度是每秒300 000公里。Do you believe that the material of which the clothes are made is paper?(be made of)你相信制作这种衣服的材料是纸吗？The purpose for which we spend much time talking to the foreigners every day is to practice our spoken English.(for the purpose)我们每天花大量时间与外国人交谈的目的就是要练习口语。3)非限制性定语从

26、句的介词不能后置。例如：He was drunk and in great rage,at which moment I decided to go home.他喝醉了并很生气，这时我决定回家。n在非限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，名词名词代词代词+of+whichwhom表示整体与部分的关系表示整体与部分的关系例如：The workers,some of whom stayed for four years,came from different countries.那些工人来自不同的国家，他们中有些人在这儿已经有四年了。There are 65 students in our cl

27、ass,most of whom are League members.我班有65个学生，其中大部分是团员。The man acted in many films,many of which he wrote and directed himself.那个人演过很多的电影，其中许多是他自编自导的。关系代词的选择关系代词的选择n在定语从句中，在定语从句中，只能只能用关系代词用关系代词which的几种情况的几种情况 1）当关系代词前有介词时This is the lab in which we often do experiments.这是我们常做试验的那个试验室。2）用在非限制性定语从句中All

28、 the books there,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.里面有许多漂亮图画的那些书是他写的。3）当其引导的定语从句修饰前面整个句子时The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.太阳使地球变暖，这使得植物生长成为可能。4）一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个宜用which引导At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to t

29、he time on the train and which could pass on the others.在车站我买了一些杂志，那些杂志可以帮助我在火车上打发时间，也可供别人消遣。在定语从句中，在定语从句中，只能只能用关系代词用关系代词that的几种情况的几种情况 1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时例如：This is the first book of the kind that was on sale in our city.这是在我市出售的第一本这样的书。This is the best Science Museum that we have ever visited.这是我们

30、曾参观的最好的科学博物馆。This is the best novel that was written by Jane Austin.这是简奥斯汀写的最好的一部小说。2）先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much,a lot等不定代词时或先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,something,anything,nothing等不定代词修饰时例如：All that you have to do is to have a good rest.你不得不做的事情是好好休息一下。Everyt

31、hing that must be done has been done.该做的一切都已经做了。All that glitters is not gold.发光的并非都是金子。3）先行词被the only,the very,the last等词修饰时例如：The only language that is easy to learn is the mother tongue.容易学的唯一的语言就是母语。She is the only person that I can trust.她是我唯一可以信赖的人。She is the very person that were looking for.

32、她正是我们在寻找的那个人。4）先行词是个既指人又指物的并列名词词组时例如：Theyre now talking of the men and the books that interest them.他们现在正在谈论让他们感兴趣的人和书。We talked about the people and the things that we remembered far into the night.我们谈论我们记得的那些人与事情，一直谈到深夜。5）先行词是疑问代词who时例如：Who that has such a house does not love it?拥有这样一栋房子，有谁不喜欢呢？n在

33、定语从句中，在定语从句中，只能只能用关系代词用关系代词who的几种情况的几种情况1）当those作为先行词指人时Those who are Party members should go first.是党员的先去。Those who want to see the film put up your hands.想要看那部影片的人举起手。2）当先行词为one,the one(s),anyone时The man you have to talk with is the one who knows me well.你不得不与他谈话的人对我很了解。3）当先行词是代词I,you,he,they等时He

34、who plays with fire gets burned.玩火者必自焚。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。n先行词是先行词是“way”的情况的情况先行词是“way”时，定语从句可用“in which”引导，也可用“that”代替“in which”，也可省略。The way(in which/that)you look at problems is wrong.你看问题的方法不对。n定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句都可以由that引导，也可以由when,wh

35、ere和why引导，但有区别。nthat引导的定语从句与同位语从句引导的定语从句与同位语从句引导词that在定语从句中是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分-主语或宾语，有具体词义，作宾语时还可以省略。that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，在从句中不充当句子成分，并且没有具体词义，that不可省略。I doubt the truth of the news(that/which)she revealed to me this morning.我怀疑她今早透漏给我的消息是真实的。(that/which引导定语从句，在从句中充当动词reveal的宾语。）The news that he will

36、 leave for Shanghai is true.他将要去上海的消息是真的。（that引导同位语从句）Ill keep the promise that/which I made two years ago.我将履行两年前许下的诺言。（that/which引导定语从句，在从句中充当动词made的宾语）nwhen,where和和why引导的定语从句与同位语从句引导的定语从句与同位语从句nwhen,where和why既可以引导定语从句，也可以引导同位语从句，它们的共同点是在这两种从句中都充当状语。但是，定语从句前有相应的先行词（分别为表示时间、地点和原因状语的名词）。而同位语从句前，没有相应的名词。I still remember the day when(=on which)I first came to Beijing.我仍记得我第一次来北京的那一天。（定语从句）I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她何时才会回来。（同位语从句）The End