世界历史之文明的起源英文版课件.ppt

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1、World History Unit 1The Rise of CivilizationsChapter 1,Section 1Discovery of Early Humans in Africa2/20/20231Objective of Lesson 1-1Understand how recent archaeological finds have contributed to our understanding of human origins.Understand that the migrations of prehistoric peoples resulted in thei

2、r spread throughout the world 2/20/20232Key VocabularyHominids:the humans and human-like creatures that preceded them.Anthropologists:the scientific study of hominids using bones and other remains.Paleontologists:the study of fossil remains to determine the characteristics of prehistoric periodsArch

3、aeologists:investigate prehistoric life by unearthing and interpreting the objects left behind by prehistoric people.Artifacts:objects that were shaped by human hands and other remains of human life such as charcoal.Radiocarbon dating:the process of measuring the rate of decay of radioactive carbon

4、in organic remains.2/20/20233People to MeetGen SuwaTim D.WhiteDonald C.JohnsonLouis LeakeyMary Leakey2/20/20234Places to LocateAramisHadar Olduvai Gorge2/20/20235Discovery of Early Humans in Africa-OverviewPrehistoric Finds in AfricaHuman OriginsThe Ice AgesHuman CultureDating Early ArtifactsPaleoli

5、thic Hunter-Gatherers2/20/20236Dating Early ArtifactsArchaeologists and physical anthropologists face the problem of assigning a definite age to remains.Among the techniques for determining the age of remains are radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis.2/20/20237Dating Early ArtifactsRadiocarbon datingO

6、rganic matter includes once living thingsSmall amounts of carbons absorbed by living things is radioactiveRadioactive carbon decays at a certain rate,thus indicating when plant or animal diesGood only for matter less than 50,000 years old2/20/20238Prehistoric Finds in AfricaIn 1992,paleontologist Ge

7、n Suwa,in Ethiopia,discovered 4.4 million-year-old fossils belonging to the oldest direct human ancestor known.In 1974,again in Ethiopia,two scientists uncovered a nearly complete skeleton of a 3.2 million-year-old hominid nicknamed“Lucy”.In 1994 a reasonably complete skull of a Lucy-like hominid pr

8、ovided evidence that Lucy-like humanoids could walk upright.2/20/20239Prehistoric Finds in AfricaDiscovery of LucyDiscovered by Donald C.Johnson and Tom GrayDiscovered at HadarNamed after popular Beatles songMost nearly complete skeleton of upright walking prehuman found to that time A chin bone dis

9、covered in Kenya indicated upright walking at 4 million years ago2/20/202310The First HominidsAustralopithecus,the first prehuman hominid,lived in eastern and southern Africa about 4.4 million years ago.Scientists divide Homothe genus of humansinto three species:Homo habilis,Homo erectus,and Homo sa

10、piens.2/20/202311The First HominidsAustralopithecus lived in humid forests of eastern and southern Africa Ate fruit,leaves,and fishNomadicconstant search for foodNo evidence for use of tools2/20/202312Hominid Groups Scientists used the Latin word Homoor humanto name hominids and later humansScientis

11、ts still not sure when humans became humanGenre of humans divided into three groupsSomewhat different body structures Arrived at different times 2/20/202313Hominid GroupsHomo habilis:“person with ability,”first of the group of hominids that lived about 3-4 million years ago.Homo erectus:“person who

12、walks upright.”Lived about 1.5 million years ago.Homo sapien:“person who thinks.”Lived about 200,000 years ago.All people today.2/20/202314The Ice AgesBetween 2 million and 10,000 years ago,earth experienced four periods called the Ice Ages,during which only the middle latitudes were warm enough to

13、support human and animal life.Early human beings adapted to the Ice Ages by migrating to warmer places or developing strategies for keeping warm.2/20/202315The Ice AgesMany parts of the world fell to below freezingGlaciers spread over several areasOnly middle latitudes remained warm enough for anima

14、l lifeBetween glacial periods,the earth warmed 2/20/202316The Ice AgesAs glaciers grew and oceans lowered by 300 feet,land bridges formedJapan and KoreaGreat Britain and IrelandMalay Peninsula and Indonesia IslandsAsia and North America2/20/202317MigrationsHomo erectus migrates to Europe and AsiaRea

15、ched Indonesian Islands 1.6 million years ago.2/20/202318Human CultureCulture includes the knowledge a people have,the language they speak,the ways in which they eat and dress,their religious beliefs,and their achievements in art and music.One of the earliest cultural developments was the use of sto

16、ne tools,which has led historians to apply the name“Stone Age”to the period before writing was widely established.2/20/202319The Stone AgeThree periods based on tool making techniquesPaleolithic:Old Stone Age(2 million years ago to 12,000 B.C.)Mesolithic:Middle Stone Age(12,000 to 8,000 B.C.)Neolith

17、ic:New Stone Age(8,000 to 5,000 B.C.)2/20/202320Paleolithic Hunter-GatherersHome habilis,who lived during the Paleolithic,are the oldest hominids known to have manufactured tools.Home erectus,who began as food gatherers but became hunters by developing weapons,used fire and made clothing from animal

18、 skins.Scientists disagree on when prehistoric peoples migrated out of Africa,but there is general agreement that Homo erectus was established in China and Europe by about 400,000 years ago.By 50,000 B.C.prehistoric peoples had developed language,which allowed them to exchange ideas and pass their k

19、nowledge on to the next generation.2/20/202321Homo HabilisLived in Africa 2.5 million to 1.5 million years ago Research credited to Louis and Mary Leakey and later their son,Olduvai Leakey2/20/202322Homo ErectusFrom 1.5 million to 250,000 years agoFrom Africa to Europe to AsiaWomen gathered fruits;m

20、en scavenged for“killed”meatMen later became hunters using spears and clubsabout 500,000 years ago 2/20/202323Homo ErectusLearned to make fireProtection from animalsCould live in cavesdrove other animals out with fireCook foodKeep warmMade clothing from animal skins2/20/202324MigrationsScientists di

21、sagree whether Homo Habilis or Homo Erectus migrated to Europe firstHomo Erectus reached Asia and EuropeBones show Homo Erectus reached Java about 1.6 to 1.8 million years agoSkeletal remains show Homo erectus clearly established in China 460,000 years ago2/20/202325LanguageHomo Erectus may have bee

22、n talking to each other about 500,000 years agoLanguageone of humanities greatest achievementsExchanging information on how to survive and pass along cultural Continuance of culture 2/20/202326Section 2:The Appearance of Homo SapiensOverviewThe NeanderthalsHomo Sapiens SapiensThe Neolithic Revolutio

23、n2/20/202327Overview of Section 2Homo erectus improved many aspects of lifeHomo sapiens,the first modern human species,moved the human condition forward at a faster paceDiscovery in Zaire,Africa,shows humans used tools much earlier than thought80,000 years ago 2/20/202328Objective of Lesson Section

24、2Know some of the achievements of the earliest humans.Early humans produced tools and domesticate animals and crops.2/20/202329Key VocabularyDomesticate:Taming an animal for human purposes.Deity:Neolithic peoples believed in many gods or goddesses 2/20/202330People to MeetNeanderthalsCro-magnons2/20

25、/202331Places to LocateNeander ValleyLascauxVallon-Pont-dArcJerichoCatal Huyuk2/20/202332The NeanderthalsStood about 5.5 feet tallBrains larger than modern humansStocky buildmuscularAble to adapt to colder climatesNomadic hunters and gatherersMore sophisticated tools2/20/202333The NeanderthalsNeande

26、rthals,probably the first Homo sapiens,began spreading into Europe and Asia about 100,000 years ago from AfricaTheir tool making ability was more sophisticated that Homo erectus.Most lived in groups of 35-50 people,either in open-air camps or in non-permanent dwellings such as caves.They were cultur

27、ally advanced in their care for the sick and aged and their treatment of the dead.2/20/202334Homo Sapiens SapiensHomo sapiens sapiens moved from Africa and into Europe and AsiaIntermarried NeanderthalsGradually absorbed themNeanderthal became extinct,leaving Homo sapiens sapiens the only hominids le

28、ft on earth 2/20/202335Homo Sapiens SapiensMost scientists believe that modern humans,or Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe,originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago and soon came to dominate almost every continent.The Cro-Magnons,the earliest Homo sapiens sapiens,brought with them improved technology

29、 and a more sophisticated culture.The advances the Cro-Magnons made in tool making transformed human life by making long-distance travel possible and increasing the supply of food.2/20/202336Homo Sapiens SapiensCro-Magnons were taller,but not as robustBetter hunting and gathering techniquesmore grou

30、p orientedBetter hunting and then fishing instrumentsBetter stone axes allowed them to make canoes and travel in them long distancesInvented long distance weaponsbow and arrow,etc2/20/202337Homo Sapiens SapiensThe Cro-Magnons increased food supply had political and social consequences,including the

31、cooperation of unrelated bands of Cro-Magnons and the evolution of rule-making and leadership.Cro-Magnons at first lived in temporary structures,but as their hunting methods advanced,they built permanent communitiesThe Cro-Magnons were accomplished cave painters and sculptors.More sophisticated buri

32、als2/20/202338Homo Sapiens SapiensCave paintings included accomplished artistry found in caves in Lascaux and Vallon-Pont-dArc,FranceHistorians disagree on painting rationaleTo educate youngsters on the finer hunting pointsReaching out to the spiritual for help in their hunting activities 2/20/20233

33、9Homo Sapiens SapiensBetter food supply brought higher populationBy 15,000 B.C.,there were two million people on the earth2/20/202340The Neolithic RevolutionThe end of the last Ice Age brings greenforrests and grasses During the Neolithic periodnamed for its tremendous changes-and immediately after,

34、people gradually shifted from gathering and hunting food to producing food.The Mesolithic period,during which people of domesticated animals and developed farming tools,was a forerunner of the Neolithic Revolution.2/20/202341The Neolithic RevolutionIn different parts of the world,the Neolithic Revol

35、ution took place at different times and involved different crops and animals.Farming assured a steady food supply and enabled people to stay longer in one place,but it also required harder and longer work.With the development of agriculture,people began to settle in agricultural villages instead of

36、wandering as nomads.2/20/202342The Neolithic Revolution:The Dawn of AgricultureNeolithic farmers made agricultural work easier and more productive by inventing the plow and fertilizing their fields.The relatively steady food supply quickened the pace of technological advance and led to the developme

37、nt of calendars,land ownership,and warfare.Neolithic people believed in deities with the power to hurt or help people.2/20/202343The Neolithic Revolution:The Dawn of AgricultureNeolithic Revolution built slowlyBegan at different times in different parts of the worldMiddle East(8000 years ago)China(5

38、000 years ago)2/20/202344The Neolithic Revolution:The First Villages Food production increases populationBy 4000 B.C.,world population is estimated at 90,000,000People could settle in communitiesWhere soil was fertile and water abundantJericho:one of earliest villages;Israel occupied West Bank;8000

39、B.C.Catal Huyuk:early village;Turkey;6300-7000 B.C.;largest village discovered so far2/20/202345The Neolithic Revolution:Technological AdvancesInvented the plow and trained animals to pullInvented the loom and the wheelBaked clay to construct buildingsHammered metals for jewelry and weaponsThe Icema

40、nCalendars created to track agriculature2/20/202346The Neolithic Revolution:Technological AdvancesBoundaries became important and warfare over boundaries was probableBelieved in deities,gods and goddesses2/20/202347SECTION 3,EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATIONRiver Valley CivilizationsThe Economy of a Civiliz

41、ation The Rise of CitiesSystems of Values 2/20/202348Lesson 1-3 ObjectivesUnderstand that the earliest civilizations begin with the evolution of farming settlements into the first cities.Know the kinds of economic,political,and social changes that resulted from the rise of cities.2/20/202349Key Voca

42、bularyCivilization:The term comes from the Latin term“civitas”meaning“city.”A civilization is a highly organized society with an advanced knowledge of farming,trade,government,art and science.Economy:The ways in which people use their environment to meet their material needs.Artisan:Workers skilled

43、in a craft.Artisans usually work with their hands.2/20/202350Key VocabularyCultural diffusion:The exchange of goods and ideas when cultures come in contact with one another.Myth:Traditional stories about how the earth was formed,how people came into being,and what they owed their creator2/20/202351R

44、iver Valley CivilizationsMany early civilizations arose from farming settlements in river valleys.Early river valley civilizations depended on the specialization of labor,advanced technology,a government to coordinated large-scale cooperative efforts,and a shared system of values and beliefs.Some so

45、cieties remained as small agricultural villages or hunter-and-gatherer bands.2/20/202352River Valley CivilizationsFour river valley civilizations The Nile River:northeast Africa,present day Egypt The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers:present day IraqIndus River:South Asia,present day IndiaHuang He:East As

46、ia,present day ChinaWhat gave river valleys the upper hand in developing into civilizations?2/20/202353The Economy of a CivilizationAn economy is the way people use their environment to meet their material needsEconomy depends on farmers growing surplus food2/20/202354The Economy of a Civilization:F

47、irst Irrigation SystemsFarmers could develop a surplus of crops because early civilizations built massive irrigation systems and dikes and dams to prevent flooding.2/20/202355The Economy of a Civilization:Specialized laborWorkers skilled in a craft,called artisans,became increasingly productive and

48、creative.The period that follows the Stone Age is known as the Bronze age because bronze replaced stone as the chief material for weapons and tools.Expensive,bronze was used by kings,priests,and soldiers.2/20/202356The Economy of a Civilization:Specialization of LaborJewelry,eating utensils,weapons

49、and other goods were hammered out of copper,lead,and gold Alloys were made from various metal mixturesbronze was the most importantmade from copper and tinWeaponsTools2/20/202357The Economy of a Civilization:Long-Distance TradeAt first trading with own communitiesLand routes emergedLong-distance tra

50、de accompanied the rise of early civilizations.People became adept at handling wind power and navigating riversGoods and ideas were shared across cultures world wide:cultural diffusion 2/20/202358Living Together in Cities:Planning and LeadershipAs civilizations grew more prosperous and complex,citie