跨文化交际c学习.pptx

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1、Chapter 6 Nonverbal CommunicationI.The Nature of Nonverbal Communication1.Definition of nonverbal communication2.Importance of nonverbal communication3.Functions of nonverbal communication4.Classification of nonverbal communication5.Characteristic of nonverbal communicationII.Cultural Differences in

2、 Nonverbal Communication1.Body movement 2.Eye contact 3.Body touch4.Paralanguage 5.Spatial language6.Temporal language 第1页/共41页The Nature of Nonverbal Communication1.Definition of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication is referred to as“metacommunication,paralinguistics,second-order messages

3、,the silent language,and the hidden dimension of communication.”(Hall,1959)Nonverbal communication is“all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves.”(Judee K.Burgoon,1996)Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by bot

4、h the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.(Samovar and Porter,1989)第2页/共41页Further explanationThe study of nonverbal communication has only a relatively short history.Physics and Character published in the 1920s,and is suppose

5、d to be the first book on nonverbal communication.An Introduction to Kinesics published in 1952,and is regarded as a classic book on nonverbal communication.To put it in a simple way,nonverbal communication refers to communication without the use of words,though the definitions differ from one exper

6、t to another.第3页/共41页2.Importance of nonverbal communication(1)Researchers have shown that 30%of communication between two individuals within the same culture is verbal in nature.Over 70%of communication then takes place nonverbally.Research also indicates that sometimes nonverbal signals play a mor

7、e decisive role than verbal message in determining communication effects.-e.g.a joke or an insult depending on your facial expression 第4页/共41页2.Importance of nonverbal communication(2)Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal of nonverbal b

8、ehavior speaks a universal language(see p.151).The enormous range of nonverbal expressions found throughout the world clearly demonstrates two broad categories of differences:(1)when the same nonverbal cue carries with it very different meanings in different cultures and(2)when different nonverbal c

9、ues carry the same meaning in different cultures.第5页/共41页2.Importance of nonverbal communication(3)Therefore,successful communication in the international environment requires not only an understanding of language but also the nonverbal aspects of communication that are part of any speech community.

10、第6页/共41页3.Functions of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication.Some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction are:(1)Replacing;(2)Regulating;(3)Conveying;(4)Modifying;(5)Repeating;(6)Complementi

11、ng;(7)Contradicting第7页/共41页4.Classification of nonverbal communicationClassification of nonverbal behavior varies.But the most classifications divide nonverbal messages into two comprehensive categories:those that are primarily produced by the body(appearance,movement,facial expressions,eye contact,

12、touch,smell,paralanguage and silence),andthose that the individual combines with the setting(space and time).第8页/共41页5.Characteristics of nonverbal communication(1)Similarities in verbal and nonverbal communication:both use symbols,both are products of an individual,and both require that someone els

13、e attach meaning to these symbols.both are coding systems that we learn and pass on as part of the cultural experience.第9页/共41页5.Characteristics of nonverbal communication(2)Differences between verbal and nonverbal communication is found in the following aspects:Structured,linguistic and clear vs.un

14、structured,nonlinguistic and ambiguous;Conscious vs.unconscious;Discontinuous vs.continuous;Acquired and controllable vs.natural and uncontrollableNonverbal communication is more universal than verbal.Nonverbal messages can be more emotional in their appeal and impact than verbal ones.第10页/共41页II.Cu

15、ltural Differences in Nonverbal CommunicationCultural differences in salient areas of nonverbal communication in six groups:(1)Kinesics(body movement),(2)Oculesics(eye contact),(3)Haptics(touching),(4)Paralanguage,(5)Proxemics(spatial language)and(6)Chronemics(temporal language)第11页/共41页1.Body movem

16、ent(Kinescis)(1)PosturePosture,the way people hold their bodies when they sit,stand or walk,can send positive or negative nonverbal messages.Postural cues constitute very effective signs of a persons inner state as well as his or her behavioral expectations of others.When people are interacting in i

17、ntercultural environment,sharp differences can be seen in terms of what postures are taken and what meanings they convey.第12页/共41页1.Body movement(Kinescis)(2)Gesture Gestures are another aspect of body language.Gestures can be-emblems or symbols(“V”for victory),-illustrators(police officers hand hel

18、d up to stop traffic),-regulators(glancing at your watch to signal that you are in a hurry),or-affect displays(ones face turns red with embarrassment).第13页/共41页1.Body movement(Kinescis)(3)The thumbs-up sign Thumb down The V sign The single finger beckon The vertical horns gesture The eyelid-pull Goo

19、d luck sign第14页/共41页1.Body movement(Kinescis)(4)Facial Expressions Smiling and laughingPeople in all cultures smile at times;however,the meaning of smile may vary.Depending on the culture,it can indicate joy and amusement,but it can also indicate embarrassment.Showing angerThe expression of anger al

20、so varies from culture to culture both in terms of intensity and type of expression.In addition,cultural values dictate who can show anger.-older people,men and people in authority may show anger more readily than younger people,women,and subordinates.-the boss may get angry at the subordinate,where

21、as the subordinate is well advised not to react in kind.第15页/共41页2.Eye contactEye contact or Oculesics,is an important aspect of body language.Differences lie in:-to look or not to look,-when to look and how long to look;-who and who not to look at,etc.Rules governing eye contact are different from

22、culture to culture.Very direct eye contact can be misinterpreted as hostility,aggressiveness,or intrusiveness when the intended meaning was that of appearing interested.Minimal eye contact may be misinterpreted as lack of interest or understanding,dishonesty,fear,or shyness when the intended meaning

23、 was a desire to show respect or to avoid appearing intrusive.第16页/共41页3.Body touch Touch,or Haptics refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.When used properly,touch can create feelings of warmth and trust;when used improperly,touch can betray trust and cause annoyance.Each culture

24、,whether considered to be“touch”or“dont touch”,high-touch or low-touch,defines for its members whom they can touch,as well as when and where they can touch them.第17页/共41页Hand-shaking The most common touching behavior in international business is a handshake.But the way of hand-shaking in different c

25、ultures is different in intensity and duration.-a firm handshake vs.gentle handshake-a limp handshake-loosening time-bowing or not 第18页/共41页Hugging and kissingSome cultures prefer a hugging embrace.In GermanyIn New ZealandIn ArgentinaIn Lebanon In Spanish-AmericanIn China第19页/共41页Hugging and kissing

26、Some cultures prefer a hugging embrace.In GermanyIn New ZealandIn ArgentinaIn Lebanon In Spanish-AmericanIn China第20页/共41页4.ParalanguageParalanguage includes the nonverbal voice qualities such as tone,rate,pitch,volume,accents,laughing,crying and shouting,which interrupt or temporarily take the plac

27、e of speech and affect the meaning of a message.Allied to paralanguage it can carry up to 38 percent of the message.Researchers divide paralanguage into three categories:voice quality,vocal qualifiers,and vocalization(Victor,1992).Vocal quality seems to be more an individual than a cultural characte

28、ristic.第21页/共41页Vocal qualifiersThe vocal qualifier refers to tone,volume,pitch,rhythm,tempo,resonance,of the spoken word and stresses,etc.Vocal qualifiers differ from culture to culture(Beamer and Varner,2001).第22页/共41页VocalizationAll cultures use nonword noises such as“uh-huh,”“aham,”“um,”“er,”suc

29、king in ones breath,or clicking ones tongue.They are called vocal segregates.These noises may be used as connectors between ideas;they may also be used to indicate that someone is ready to say something or that more time is needed to think things over.Generally speaking,the interpretation of these n

30、oises does not present a major hurdle in intercultural communication.Related to the nonword vocalizers are fillers,e.g.okay,you know,etc.第23页/共41页SilenceSilence cues may be interpreted as evidence of agreement or disagreement,lack of interest,injured feelings,or contempt.The intercultural implicatio

31、ns of silence are as diverse as those of other nonverbal cues.Cross-cultural differences are common over when to talk and when to remain silent,or what a particular instance of silence means(Crystal,1987).第24页/共41页Spatial languageSpatial language(the technical word is proxemics)is the study of the w

32、ay that people use physical space to convey messages.Individuals in different cultures learn to use space differently,such as personal space,office space and public space.第25页/共41页Personal space(1)How close can we get to people and how distant should we be?Most of us never think about space,we intui

33、tively know what the right distance isBut there are different rules governing spatial behavior in different cultures.What feels right for us may be totally offensive to someone else.Space in many ways becomes an extension of us,and we feel uncomfortable with people who play by different rules.第26页/共

34、41页Personal space(2)Hall noticed a connection between culture and preferred interpersonal distance.People in high-context cultures were observed standing close when talk to someone.Low-context cultures appeared to dictate a greater amount of interpersonal space.Intimate zone(no distance to 6-18 inch

35、es)(e.g.between husbands and wives,between lovers)Personal zone(18 inches to 4 feet)(between friends on informal occasions)Social zone(4 feet to 12 feet)(e.g.a meeting)Public zone(12 feet to 25 feet)(e.g.when making a public speech).第27页/共41页Office space(1)Office space is another good example of spa

36、tial language.Our attitudes towards private space are also carried over into our attitudes towards office space.In an administrative office,body distance is strictly maintained according to status.How far a visitor penetrates into the office and how far he is allowed to do so is definitely decided b

37、y his status and his relationship with the executive.第28页/共41页Office space(2)The arrangement of office space is a reflection of underlying cultural values.-In the United State,the size of the office and its location are indicative of the businesspersons success,importance,power,and status within the

38、 hierarchy.-French offices tend to reflect the cultural value of centralization.-In Japan,even in big companies,the office decoration usually looks rather modest by Western standards.Office space in China now has a more Western approach(in regards to office size,furnishing,location,etc.)第29页/共41页Pub

39、lic space(1)The way people arrange and use public space also reflects cultural attitudes towards space and privacy.People from the United States carry their idea of individuality over into public spaces.The Germans organize their spaces like their private lives.Order is an overriding concern,and det

40、ailed provisions are made to guarantee that order.第30页/共41页Public space(2)How we approach people and how we deal with space have deep cultural roots.We may not agree with or like what others do,but we must understand what the others are doing and why they are doing it.第31页/共41页6.Temporal languageTem

41、poral language,or its technical term chronemics,refers to the way in which time is used in a culture.A cultures use of time can provide valuable cues to how members of that culture value and respond to time.Time is money.(U.S.)He who hesitates is lost.(U.S.)Think three times before you act.(China)(f

42、or how people perceive and use the concepts of past,present,and future,see Chapter 4)第32页/共41页Monochronic and polychronic time“Time talks.It speaks more plainly than words.”Edward Hall.Time is an important category of silent language.Cultures vary in the notion of time and of“getting down to busines

43、s,”or using it efficiently.Hall points out that people either go by Monochronic time(M-time)or Polychronic time(P-time).第33页/共41页M-timeM-time cultures emphasize schedules,a precise reckoning of time,and promptness.A manager will address Issue A first and then move on to Issue B.It is considered rude

44、 to do two things at one such as reading a journal in a meeting.In these societies,time is viewed as a discrete commodity that can be saved,wasted,borrowed,or killed.In individualistic cultures such as the United States,Britain,Canada,and Australia as well as many of the cultures in Northern Europe,

45、managers adhere to M-time schedules.第34页/共41页P-timeP-time cultures emphasize the completion of transactions and the involvement of people rather than a rigid adherence to the clock.They tend to do several things at the same time.A clerk may serve several customers at the same time.A minister may mee

46、t several callers in the same room at the same time.In these cultures,schedules are subordinated to personal relationships.第35页/共41页M-time vs.P-timeWhen two people from a P-time culture are interacting,they are more likely to continue what they are doing until they have finished rather than end it a

47、nd move on to the next scheduled activity,as would be the case with two M-time people.Regions of the world where P-time schedules are common include Latin America and the Middle East.第36页/共41页Chinese M-time or P-time?Do you think Chinese is M-time or P-time oriented?Some Western scholars believe the

48、 Chinese are considered highly polychronic,that is,they can and prefer to do multitasks simultaneously.Traditionally,in China we basically follow P-time,particularly in the cities.But now in government offices or public services like banks and post offices in big cities,a clerk usually serves one pe

49、rson at a time.So here we have M-time at work.But in some rural areas,people may follow P-time.第37页/共41页Monochronic and Polychronic Time SystemsMonchronic Polychronic Do one thing at a timeDo many things at once Concentrate on the job Are easily distracted and subject to interruption Take time commi

50、tments(deadlines,schedules)seriouslyConsider time commitments an objective to be achieved,if possible Are low context and need information Are high-context and already have informationAre committed to the job Are committed to people and human relationships Adhere to plans Change plans often and easi