跨文化交际(UNIT 7)学习.pptx

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1、InterculturalCommunicationUnit7TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures 第1页/共26页Warm Up Pleasereadthestoryonpage228.Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?TheAmericanandhissonhavediscoveredthatLatinAmericanuseoftimeandspaceisverydifferentfromtheirsbackintheUnitedStates.Theyfeltastoundedatfirstbecausetheyhadnotexpectedthatthe

2、rewouldbesuchgreatdifferencesintheseaspectsoflifebetweenLatinAmericansandNorthAmericans.WhattheyhavelearnedthereisnotjusttheSpanishlanguage,butalsohowtimeandspaceistobeusedwhenyouinteractwithpeopleinthenewculturalenvironment.第2页/共26页Warm Up Whatisyoursenseoftime?GotoanswerthequestionsonGroupWork(p23

3、5-236).Peoplewhochooseverydifferentanswerstothesequestionsmayfinditdifficulttocommunicateandgetalongwithoneanother,fortheyareverylikelytodifferinsenseoftimeandhowtimeshouldbeused.Sometimeswemaymakeunfairjudgmentsonotherpeopleandtheircharacterssimplybecausetheirunderstandinganduseoftimearedifferentfr

4、omours.第3页/共26页ChronemicsChronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Thesenseoftime:1)Timeislinear.Westernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.2)Timeiscyclical.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.第4页/共26页ChronemicsMonochron

5、icandPolychronicTime(p256-257)1.WhatisM-TimeandP-Time?Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture?1)Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatimeeventsscheduledasseparateitems.2)2)Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.第5页/共26页Chronemics2.Whatisthephilosoph

6、yunderlyingeachofthetimesystem?1)P-timestressesinvolvementofpeopleandcompletionoftransactionsratherthanadherencetopresentschedules.Appointmentsarenottakenasseriouslyand,asaconsequence,arefrequentlybroken.P-timeistreatedaslesstangiblethanM-time.Weakness:Mattersinapolychromiccultureseeminaconstantstat

7、eofflux.Appointmentsarefrequentlybroken.第6页/共26页Chronemics2.Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem?2)InM-timesystem,socialandbusinesslifeiscommonlyschedule-dominated.Byscheduling,wecompartmentalize;thismakesitpossibletoconcentrateononethingatatime,butitalsoreducesthecontext.M-timeisalsotan

8、gible.M-timeschedulingisusedasaclassificationsystemthatorderslife.Weakness:Lifeingeneralisattimesunpredictable.M-timereducesthecontextandalienatepeoplefromthemselvesandfromothers.第7页/共26页Reading IReadthearticle“TheHeartbeatofCulture”(p229-232).1.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazil

9、andthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno?InBrazil,peopleseemtobeveryflexibleintheirconceptsoftimeandpunctuality.Braziliansarelikelytoattributelatenessforappointmentstounforeseencircumstancesthatthepersoncouldntcontrol.Theyseemlessinclinedtofeelpersonallyresponsibleforbeinglate.Sot

10、heyexpresslessregretfortheirownlatenessandblameotherslesswhenothersarelate.第8页/共26页Reading IReadthearticle“TheHeartbeatofCulture”(p229-232).1.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno?TheBrazilianstudentsbelievedthatapersonwhois

11、consistentlylateisprobablymoresuccessfulthanonewhoisconsistentlyontime.Theyseemedtoaccepttheideathatsomeoneofstatusisexpectedtoarrivelate.Lackofpunctualityisabadgeofsuccess.第9页/共26页Reading IReadthearticle“TheHeartbeatofCulture”(p229-232).2.Therearentunanimousperceptionsoftimeamongculturallydifferent

12、people.Evenwithinonecountry,ideasoftimeandpunctualityvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplace.Differentregionsandevencitieshavetheirowndistinctrhythmsandrules.3.Appreciatingculturaldifferencesintimesensebecomesincreasinglyimportantasmoderncommunicationsputmoreandmorepeopleindailycontact.Ifwearetoavoidmisrea

13、dingissuesthatinvolvetimeperceptions,weneedtounderstandbetterourownculturalbiasesandthoseofothers.第10页/共26页Identifying Difference:Whats the Rush?(p233-235)PeoplefromSouthAmericadomanythingssimultaneously,aremoreconcernedwithpeopleandthepresentmomentthanwithschedules,believethattheyareincommandoftime

14、ratherthanarebeingcontrolledbyitsotheydontrushtodothingsandtendto“belate”often.However,peopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules,thesegmentationoftime,andpromptness.Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney.So,peoplefromSouthAmericamaythinkthatpeopleintheUnitedStatesdontunderstandth

15、etruemeaningoflifeandhavenoideaofenjoyingitwhilepeopleintheUnitedStatesmayregardpeoplefromSouthAmericaaslazyorirresponsible.第11页/共26页American Concept of TimePeopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules,thesegmentationoftime,andpromptness.Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney.Americ

16、ansseetimeasavaluableresource.MaybethatsProfessionalscarryaroundpocketplanners-someinelectronicform-tokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines.Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheirtime.ToAmericans,punctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeoplestime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuall

17、ycallsforanapology,andmaybeanexplanation.Whenpeopleplananevent,theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance.Also,peoplehesitatetocallotherslateatnightforfeartheymightbeinbed.第12页/共26页Reading IIReadthearticle“TheLanguageofSpace”(p239-243).WhatarethedifferencesamongAmericans,theIndia,theJapaneseandtheArabt

18、owardsspace?IntheUnitedStates,HallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.Thestudyofspatialterritoryforthepurposeofcommunicationusesfourcategoriesforinformalspace:theintimatedistanceforembracingorwhispe

19、ring(6-18inches),thepersonaldistanceforconversationsamonggoodfriends(1.5-4feet),socialdistanceforconversationsamongacquaintances(4-12feet),andpublicdistanceusedforpublicspeaking(12feetormore).第13页/共26页Reading IIInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcastemayapproachothercastes.InJ

20、apan,theprivatebubbleandthepersonalspacearemoreacreationofthemindthananactualexistence.TheJapaneseconnectprivacywithmentalspace.IncrowdseachJapanesebecomesanislandandheisaloneaslongashedoesnotacknowledgeanyoftheotherpeople.InArab,ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringane

21、levatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.第14页/共26页Supplement:ProxemicsAfascinatingareainthenonverbalworldofbodylanguageisthatofspatialrelationships,orproxemics,thestudyofmansappreciationanduseofspace.Asaspecies,manishighlyterritorialbutwearerarelyawareof

22、itunlessourspaceissomehowviolated.Spatialrelationshipsandterritorialboundariesdirectlyinfluenceourdailyencounters.Maintainingcontroloversuchspaceisakeyfactorinpersonalsatisfaction;observingspatialinteractionsineverydaylifeisakeytopersonalawareness.第15页/共26页Supplement:Proxemics(i)Thestudyofproxemicsi

23、ncludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspace(a)fixedfeaturesofspaceForexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspaceSe

24、mifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.第16页/共26页Supplement:Proxemics(c)personalspaceorprivatespace(p239-241)Behavioralstudyindicatesthatindividualsperceiveadistancethatisappropriatefordifferenttypesofmessages;theyalsoestablish

25、acomfortabledistanceforpersonalinteractionandnonverballydefinethisastheirpersonalspace.Researchsupportsthehypothesisthattheviolationofthispersonalspacecanhaveseriousadverseeffectsoncommunication.Thus,ifanindividualistobemutuallysatisfiedinacommunicationencounterhis/herpersonalspacemustberespected.Sh

26、ouldanintruderinvadethispersonalspacewhilealsotrespassingwithinterritorialboundariesheplacedhimselfindoublejeopardyandmustcompensatefortheothersincreasedanxiety.第17页/共26页Supplement:Territoriality Territorialityreferstohowspacecanbeusedtocommunicatemessages.Territorialclaimsdifferfrompersonalspaceint

27、hatthepersonalzoneaccompaniestheindividualwhileterritorialityisrelativelystationary.Semi-fixedfeaturespaceisoftenthecriteriausedtoestablishaterritorywithinanyenvironment;itbecomesamanssafetyzonewhereherestsfromtherigorsofdefendingpersonalspacefrominvasion,thedramaticorsuddenentryintoanotherspersonal

28、zone.Humans,likeanimals,indicatetheirownershipofthisestablishedterritoryandwillconsequentlydefenditagainstallinvasions.第18页/共26页Supplement:TerritorialityComparethedifferencesamongtheculturesofthecountriesmentionedin“HomeinVariousCultures”(p244-247).America:showingvisitorsaroundhome;peoplearenotallow

29、edtolockdoorsexceptthebathroomdoor;kitchenistheplacefornegotiationbetweenthemotherandthechildren;theparentsbedroomismostlyoff-limits.Germany:requiresawideareaofprivacy,formalandregimented;doorsarefirmlyshutbetweenrooms;anentrancehalltoleadvisitorsintothehousewithoutshowingspecificroomsandspoilingthe

30、familysprivacy.NorthernEuropeancountries:rudeifnotcallinadvance;nottoexpectthetourofthehostshome.第19页/共26页Supplement:Territoriality France:neverdropinunannounced;notourofthehouse;guestsareusuallyreceivedinthelivingroom,withthedoorstotheotherroomsclosed.Italy:youcandropinanytimewithoutcallingfirst,ex

31、ceptfortherestinghoursof2:00to4:00pm.Spain:callahead;normalvisitinghoursare4:00to6:00pm.LatinAmericancountries:guests,evendroppinginwithoutwarning,aregreetedwarmly,oftenwithhugsandkisses;tocommunicateinthediningroom.TheMiddleEasterncountries:thelayoutofthesalon;第20页/共26页Case StudyCase25(Page250-251)

32、Inthiscase,totheChinesedirectoraswellasmanyotherChinesepeople,itisnaturaltohandletheotherthingswhichneededtobedealtwithimmediately.Hemayhavethoughtthat,inthisway,heutilizedthetimebest.ButtoKatherineandmostWesterners,itsquitedifferent.Theytendtodothingsstrictlyaccordingtotheirscheduleandappointmentsw

33、ithothers,whichistheirconceptofusingtimebest.第21页/共26页Case StudyCase26(Page251)JackfelthisprivacyviolatedandJackimmediatelyshowedhisemotionasaconditionedreflex,whichwroteonthelook,saying“Iamcompletelynothappytoseeyou”.Afewsecondslater,hesmiledandsaid,“Hi,Magid,comeonin.”Thisobviouschangeonhisfacewas

34、certainlynoticedbyMagid.JackhadtopretendhewasveryhappytoseeMagid,buthewassodispleasedwiththisdearoldfriendfornothavingphonedtosayhewascomingthathemighthaveexpressedhisunhappinessfromtimetotimethroughnonverbalmessages,suchasfacialexpressions,handmovementsandbodypostures.Thesemessagesmightcontradicthi

35、swords.Magidcouldmoreorlessperceivethissubtleawkwardnessthathemightbeperplexedabout.第22页/共26页Case StudyCase27(Page252)WeChinesepeopleusuallyattachgreatimportancetotakinggoodcareofourguests.Weoftengooutofourwaytomakeaguestfeelcomfortable,andourkindnessoftenknowsnoboundwhenitcomestoaforeignvisitor.But

36、westernersincludingNorthAmericansaretrainedtospendtimealoneandtodothingsforthemselvesfromthetimetheyarestillveryyoung.Therefore,theymayfeeluncomfortablewhentheyarealwayssurroundedbypeopleattemptingtobekindtothem.Hospitalityitselfmaybesomethinguniversal,buttheformandamountofhospitalitydiffergreatlyfr

37、omculturetoculture.第23页/共26页Case StudyCase28(Page253)ThemoststrikingfeatureoftheJapanesehousewaslackofprivacy:thelackofindividual,inviolablespace.Itisimpossibletoliveundersuchconditionsforverylongwithoutacommonhouseholdidentityemergingwhichnaturallytakesprecedenceoverindividualwishes.Althoughithasbe

38、comeastandardpracticeinmodernJapanforchildrentohavetheirownrooms,manymiddle-agedandnearlyallolderJapanesestillliveinthisway.Theyregardthemselvesas“oneflesh”,theirpropertyascommontoall;the householdisconstitutedaccordingtoaprincipleofindivisibility.Thesystemofmoveablescreenmeansthattheroomscouldbeusedbyallthefamilyandforallpurposes.第24页/共26页HomeworkRead“CulturalConceptionsofTime(p253-257)”.Somesaythattimeismoneywhileotherssaythattimeislife.Whatdoyouthinkofthetwosayings?Aretheyverydifferentfromeachother?第25页/共26页感谢您的观看！第26页/共26页