Bacon and OfStudies赏析学习教程.pptx

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1、born in London,English philosopher,statesman,scientist,jurist and author.founder of materialist philosophy.Father of Experimental science.第1页/共27页Bacons Essays 1597 10 essays1612 38 essays1625 58 esssaysHe is ofter credited with having invented the essay form in English literature.第2页/共27页Characteri

2、stics of Bacons EssaysBacons essays are famous for their brevity,compactness and powerfulness.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions,metaphors and cadence.第3页/共27页Bacons Topicsambition and angerbeauty and building of gardendeath and deformity love,truth,friendship,marriagepa

3、rents and childrenstudiesyouth and agerichesreligionhealth and honor第4页/共27页famous quotations(Beauty)is as summer fruits,which are easy to corrupt,and cannot last.(friendship)redoubleth joys,and cutteth griefs in halves.(marriage)Wives are young mens mistress;compaions for middle ages;and old man nu

4、rses.第5页/共27页BaconOf StudyWhats your definition of studies?What are they used for?What is your reading habit?What kind of reading habit do you think is the best?Do you believe“poets make men witty”as Bacon say?How and why?Cite examples to prove that different branches of studies really improve your

5、character,and add more branches of studies to fully develop the idea.Give a presentation of its discussion,explaining the main ideas and the organization of the essay,and paraphrasing some important lines.第6页/共27页Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Reading has three functions.It d

6、elights you;it beautifies you;and it strengthens your ability.Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.The delight of reading lies in your private life and retirement.The beautifying of read

7、ing lies in how you talk to others.The way reading strengthens your ablity lies in your act of judging,how you assess a person or situation or event and how you deal with it.privateness:private life,solitude,retreatdiscourse:conversation第7页/共27页For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particu

8、lars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best from those that are learned.for:although,despite expert men:men of practical experienceAlthough men with great experience could judge the affairs from each situation and accomplish them well,men who are learn

9、ed always are the best one to have command of the general direction,the plan and the arrangement.execute:carry through,accomplishcounsel:directionplot:planmarshal:arrangement第8页/共27页To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament is affectation;to make judgment wholly by

10、 their rules is the humor of a scholar.sloth:laziness,inactivityaffectation:a deliberate pretense or exaggerated displayhumor:mannerism,temperamentSpending too much time in reading makes you exhausted and lazy.Using reading as a tool to beautify yourself is pretending.Making decisions to your hearts

11、 content is too subjective and silly.第9页/共27页They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience;for natural abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning by study;and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience.(studies)Reading makes u

12、p for your natural disadvantages,and experience is needed to compensate for the disadvantages of reading.We read and know how to weed out the unwanted parts of plants.So does knowledge.We read and we delete what we dont need.It is reading that gives us detailed directions,except for some directions

13、that are only guided by experience.prune:weed out unwanted or unnecessary thingstoo much at large:in general第10页/共27页Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them,for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.crafty men

14、:craftsman=a person skilled in a jobcontemn:look down on with disdainMen skilled in a job look down on reading.Men who lack intelligence look up to reading.Men with wisdom apply reading to their life.However,books do not convince others by their usage.The wisdom of reading doesnt lie inside a book,b

15、ut outside the book.You could just get it by observation.第11页/共27页 Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.Dont disagree hostilely when you are reading,dont believe it wholly.We should not only focus on the words

16、 and sentences,but also think about it back and forth.superstition第12页/共27页Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;第13页/共27页1.Taste-To read in the way that you test the taste of food,to read bits here and there To read the whole book or story,but wit

17、h little attention or without through understanding 2.Swallow-To read carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or importance of 3.Chew and digest-第14页/共27页 that is some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be ready wholly,

18、and with diligence and attention.第15页/共27页Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books,else distilled books are like common distilled waters,flashy things.flashy thing:brilliant but empty

19、 things.第16页/共27页Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.Reading fulfills a man,discussion makes a man witty,note makes a man clear第17页/共27页And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit:and if

20、he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know that he doth not.Present wit:quick wit.that he doth not:what he does not know.parallelism第18页/共27页 Therefore,men who dont take notes often should strengthen the memory,men who dont discuss often should be smarter,and men who dont often rea

21、d should be more sophisticated.第19页/共27页 Histories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.witty:imaginative,inventivesubtle:able to make fine distinctionsmoral:concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming

22、to standards of behaviorgrave:seriousLearning histories makes men clear-minded;learning poems makes men clever;learning mathematics makes men careful and cautious;learning natural philosophy,your mind will be broadened,your principles will be regulated,and your way of thinking will be serious;learni

23、ng logic and rhetoric,you will be able to argue with others clearly and effectively.rhetoric:using language effectively to please or persuadecontend:have an argument about something第20页/共27页 Abeunt studia in mores.Nay,there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies;l

24、ike as diseases of the body,may have appropriate exercises.Abeunt studia in mores:You may cultivate your own temperament while reading.nay:not this merely but also;not only so but;stond:difficulty;impediment:any structure that makes progress difficult;wit:the ability to say or write things that are

25、both clever and amusingwrought:the past tense of WORKYou may cultivate your own temperament while reading.However,there may be obvious difficulty or disadvantages in your mind.You may solve this problem by proper reading.Just like doing physical exercises could get rid of the diseases.They are the s

26、ame.第21页/共27页 Bowling is good for the stone and reins;shooting for the lungs and breast;gentle walking for the stomach;riding for the head,and the like.Playing bowling strengthens your stone and kidney.Shooting strengthens your lung and breast.Gentle walking strengthens your stomach.Riding strengthe

27、ns your head and brain.They are in the same rule.reins:gall bladder and kidneys第22页/共27页 So if a mans wit be wandering,let him study the mathematics;for in demonstrations,if his wit be called away never so little,he must begin again.wander:move about aimlessly or without any destinationdemonstration

28、:the act of presenting something to sight or viewTherefore,if a man cant concentrate his mind,let him study the mathematics.He should pay great attention during the process.Once his attention runs miles away,hell have to restart.第23页/共27页If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,let h

29、im study the schoolmen,for they are Cymini sectores.If he be not apt to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another,let him study the lawyers cases.So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.apt:properschoolmen:The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of

30、 the Middle Ages,who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation.cymini sectores:splitters of hairsbeat over:investigatedefect:a failing or deficiencyIf he is not proper to find out the differences,let him learn from the philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages,because they are spl

31、itters of hairs.If he is not proper to investigate matters,prove things,or make examples,let him dig into the lawyers cases.As a result,every disadvantages of mind can have an appropriate solution.第24页/共27页Appreciation1.Parallelism and elliptical sentencesHistories make men wise;poets,witty;the math

32、ematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.With these two rhetorical devices,the sentences have become more simple and the important points are highlighted.In such sentences,parallelism and ellipsis bring great help to express Bacons strong emotions.第25页/共2

33、7页Appreciation2.AnalogyNay,there is no stand or impediment in the wit,but may be wrought out by fit studies;like as diseases of the body,may have appropriate exercises.In this example,he made an analogy with the solutions of diseases of the body and the disadvantages in mind.It contains the profound truth in the simple and common-sense examples,and this can help to reduce the difficulty of understanding and avoid being too dull.第26页/共27页谢谢您的观看！第27页/共27页