英语语法详解.pdf
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1、精品文档 可编辑 一时态详解 16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去 将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将 来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。1、一般现在时 通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 Have Have Have Has Be Am Are is 一般现在时的否定式、疑冋式和简单回答形式如下:动词be与have(表示“拥有”):否定
2、式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式 直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not)not(I m I have(haven t)not Am i?Have i?You are not You have not Are you?Have y ou?(are n t)(haven t)He is not He has not Is he?Has he?精品文档 可编辑 (is n t)-(hasn t)-精品文档 可编辑 动词be的否定疑问式和简单回答:否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Am I not(aren t i)Yes,you are.N
3、o,you aren t Are you not(aren you)?Yes,I am.No,I m not.Is he not(isn t he)Yes?he is.No,he isn t 动词be与have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直 接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not)not(I m I have(haven t)not Am i?Have I?You are not You have not Are you?Have you?(are n t)(haven t)He is not He has n
4、ot Is he?Has he?(isn t)(hasn t)-动词have(表示“拥有”的否定疑问式和简单回答:否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Have I not(haven t i)?Yes,you have.No,you haven t.Have you not(haven t you)?Yes,I have.No,I haven t.精品文档 可编辑 Has he not(hasn t he)?Yes,he has.No,he hasn t.注意:have作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要 加助动词do/
5、does)否定式 疑问式 I do not(don t)study Do I study You do not(don t)study Do you study He does not(doesn t)study Does he study 否定疑问句式 简单回答(肯定/否定)Do I not(Don t I)study?Yes,I do.No,I don t.Do you not(Don t you)study-Yes,you do.No,you don t.Does he not(Doesn t he)study?Yes,he does.No,he doesn t.2、现在进行时 由助动词
6、be+现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第-人称单数用am,第三人称单数用is,其他用are。现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词 be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词 be提到主语之前。以study为例:否定式 疑问式 I am not study ing Am I study ing?精品文档 可编辑 You are not study ing,Are you study ing?He is not study ing.Is he study ing?5、一般过去时 一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形 式要用助动词do的过去式did,同
7、时注意实义动词要用原形。以 study为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:否定式 疑问式 I did not(did n t)study Did I study?You did not(did n t)study Did you study?He did not(did n t)study Did he study?否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)Did I not(Didn t I)study?Yes,you did.No,you didn t.Di you not(Did n t you)study Yes,I did.No,I didn t.Did he not(Did n t
8、he)study-Yes,he did.No,he didn t.6、过去进行时 由助动词be的过去式+现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进 行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:This time yesterday,we were hav ing an En glish less on.昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。精品文档 How long had he taught here by the end of last term?到上学期末为止,可编辑 The t
9、eacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.老 师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。While we were having supper,all the lights went out.我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。He was reading while she was setting the table.她摆桌子时,他在读书。It was getting dark.The wind was rising.天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。2)过去进行时动词常用 always,continually,frequently 等词连用
10、,表示过 去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young.两 兄弟小时候常吵架。In Qing Dynasty,China was always making concessions to western powers.清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。7、过去完成时 一律用 had+过去分词构成。用法:1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完 成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果 两个动作都是在过去
11、发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:She told me she had been there three times before.她告诉我她以前到过 那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)精品文档 可编辑 他在这里教学多长时间啦?(“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)When we arrived,the football match had already begun.我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。She had visited China twice before she came this year.她今年来中国之 前已访问过中国两次了。2)过去完成时动词可以
12、表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一 动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:By the middle of last month,I had lived in Beijing for five years.到上月 中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。By six o clock they had worked for eight hours.到六点为止,他们已工 作八小时了。When I came to Shanghai,he had been there for a long time.我到上海 时,他在那里很长时间了。3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细
13、讲述。4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no soonerthan和 hardly(scarcely)when 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分 用一般过去时。例如:No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.=He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.他 刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured.=Hard
14、ly had Saddam realized what was happening when he 精品文档 可编辑 was captured.萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。8、过去完成进行时 had bee n+动词的现在分词。用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没 结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如:When he came in,I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours.他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了 The roads w
15、ere dan gerous.It had bee n raining for two whole days.道路 很危险。雨一直下了两整天。They were tired because they had bee n digg ing since daw n.他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike.He had bee n hop ing for one for a long time.那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他 一直希望有一辆。9、一般将来时 一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动
16、作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:(1)shall/will+动词原形 表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称 I,we用shall或will,其 精品文档 可编辑 余用will.其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:否定式 疑问式 I shall/will not study Shall I study?You will not study Will you study?精品文档 可编辑 否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)Shall I not(shan t i)study-Yes,you will.No,you won t.Yes,I shall/will.No,I Will you
17、 not(Won t you)study?shan t/won t.Will he not(Won t he)study-Yes,he will.No,he won t.例如:I shall be twenty years old n ext year.我明年二十岁。The sky is black.I thi nk it will rai n.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。You will meet him at the stati on this after noon.你下午会在车站碰到他。The train will arrive soon.火车快要至 U 了。When shall we
18、see you n ext time?我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?He probably won t go with us.他大概不能和我们一起去。1)shall,will 的缩写形式为 I如 I ll,you ll,he 和 sh e ll 等。2)will用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall 用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:I will give you a new pen for your birthday.我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日 礼物。(允诺)I will take the college entrance exam in ati
19、 on.我将参加大学入学考试。(决 心)?He will not study.Will he study 精品文档 可编辑 Shall I open the window?我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)You shall have the book as soon as I get it.我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的 允诺)The enemy shall not pass.决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)I will do my best to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命
20、 令)(2)be going+动词不定式 1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考 虑好的。例如:My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.我六点钟要到火车站去接汤 姆。She is not going to be there.她不会到那儿去的。When are you going to finish your work?你的工作什么时候做完?He is going to stay a week.他准备
21、呆一星期。We are going to call a meeting to discuss it.我们准备开个会来讨论一下。2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例 如:Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain.看这些乌云?要下雨了。I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.恐怕我要得重感冒。精品文档 可编辑 10、将来进行时 shall/will be+现在分词 用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时
22、间内将会发生的动作。This time next week we shall be working in that factory.下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。When I get up tomorrow morning,my mother will be getting breakfast for me.当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。I will be seeing him next month.我下个月将要见他。Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。We will be taking our hol
23、iday at the seaside in July.七月份我们要去海边 度假。一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时 呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情 有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做 一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。11、过去将来时(1)由 should/would+动词原形构成。第一人称用 should;第二、三人称 用 would。美国英语所有人称一律用 would.should/would 的简略形式为 d,如 I d,you d;would not 和 should
24、not 的简略形式分别为 woul dn t 和 shouldn t.(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还 可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:精品文档 By Sept.2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.到 可编辑 They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他们问我是否很快要去 广州 She told me she would come again next week.她和我说她下周还来。I told him to leave im
25、mediately,but he wouldn 我告诉他马上离开,但 他不。He d play the violin when he was in low spirits.他情绪低落的时候,就 拉小提琴 When I was in college,I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition.我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份 临时工挣学费。(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:12、将来完成时 shall/will+have+过去分词 用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时
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